IMMUNOREACT 5: female patients with rectal cancer have better immune editing mechanisms than male patients – a cohort study

Author:

Spolverato Gaya1,Fassan Matteo12,Capelli Giulia3,Scarpa Melania2ORCID,Negro Silvia1ORCID,Chiminazzo Valentina1,Kotsafti Andromachi2,Angriman Imerio1,Campi Michela1,De Simoni Ottavia2,Ruffolo Cesare1,Astghik Stepanyan1,Vignotto Chiara1,Scognamiglio Federico1,Becherucci Giulia1ORCID,Rivella Giorgio1,Marchegiani Francesco1ORCID,Facci Luca1ORCID,Bergamo Francesca2,Brignola Stefano4,Businello Gianluca5,Guzzardo Vincenza1,Dal Santo Luca1ORCID,Salmaso Roberta1,Massani Marco4,Pozza Anna4,Cataldo Ivana4ORCID,Stecca Tommaso4ORCID,Dei Tos Angelo Paolo1,Zagonel Vittorina2,Pilati Pierluigi2,Franzato Boris2,Scapinello Antonio2,Pirozzolo Giovanni6,Recordare Alfonso6,Merenda Roberto6,Bordignon Giovanni6,Guerriero Silvio7ORCID,Romiti Chiara7,Portale Giuseppe8,Cipollari Chiara8,Zizzo Maurizio9,Porzionato Andrea2,Agostini Marco2,Cavallin Francesco10ORCID,Di Camillo Barbara11,Bardini Romeo1,Maretto Isacco1,Castagliuolo Ignazio1,Pucciarelli Salvatore1,Scarpa Marco1

Affiliation:

1. Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova

2. Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS)

3. Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea

4. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova

5. Azienda ULSS 5 Polesana, Rovigo

6. Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Venezia

7. Ospedale di Fermo, ASUR 4, Fermo

8. Ospedale A. Locatelli, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate (BG)

9. Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia

10. Independent Statistician, Solagna

11. Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy

Abstract

Background: Studies evaluating sex differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment are limited, and no previous study has focused on rectal cancer patients’ constitutive immune surveillance mechanisms. The authors aimed to assess gender-related differences in the immune microenvironment of rectal cancer patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted up to 31 May 2021, including studies focusing on gender-related differences in the CRC tumor microenvironment. Data on the mutational profile of rectal cancer were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A subanalysis of the two IMMUNOREACT trials (NCT04915326 and NCT04917263) was performed, aiming to detect gender-related differences in the immune microenvironment of the healthy mucosa in patients with early (IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort) and locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant therapy (IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort). In the retrospective IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort (therapy naive), the authors enrolled 442 patients (177 female and 265 male), while in the retrospective IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort (patients who had neoadjuvant therapy), we enrolled 264 patients (80 female and 184 male). In the prospective IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort (therapy naive), the authors enrolled 72 patients (26 female and 46 male), while in the prospective IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort (patients who had neoadjuvant therapy), the authors enrolled 105 patients (42 female and 63 male). Results: Seven studies reported PD-L1 expression in the CRC microenvironment, but no significant difference could be identified between the sexes. In the TGCA series, mutations of SYNE1 and RYR2 were significantly more frequent in male patients with rectal cancer. In the IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort, male patients had a higher expression of epithelial cells expressing HLA class I, while female patients had a higher number of activated CD4+Th1 cells. Female patients in the IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort showed a higher infiltration of epithelial cells expressing CD86 and activated cytotoxic T cells (P=0.01). Conclusions: Male patients have more frequent oncogene mutations associated with a lower expression of T-cell activation genes. In the healthy mucosa of female patients, more Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells suggest a potentially better immune response to the tumor. Sex should be considered when defining the treatment strategy for rectal cancer patients or designing prognostic scores.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

General Medicine,Surgery

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