Assessment of Risk Factors Correlated with Outcomes of Traumatic Lower Extremity Soft Tissue Reconstruction

Abstract

Background: Identifying risk factors for traumatic lower extremity reconstruction outcomes has been limited by sample size. We evaluated patient and procedural characteristics associated with reconstruction outcomes using data from almost four million patients. Methods: The National Trauma Data Bank (2015–2018) was queried for lower extremity reconstructions. Univariable and multivariable analyses determined associations with inpatient outcomes. Results: There were 4675 patients with lower extremity reconstructions: local flaps (77%), free flaps (19.2%), or both (3.8%). Flaps were most commonly local fasciocutaneous (55.1%). Major injuries in reconstructed extremities were fractures (56.2%), vascular injuries (11.8%), and mangled limbs (2.9%). Ipsilateral procedures prereconstruction included vascular interventions (6%), amputations (5.6%), and fasciotomies (4.3%). Postoperative surgical site infection and amputation occurred in 2% and 2.6%, respectively. Among survivors (99%), mean total length of stay (LOS) was 23.2 ± 21.1 days and 46.8% were discharged to rehab. On multivariable analysis, vascular interventions prereconstruction were associated with increased infection [odds ratio (OR) 1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–3.79, P = 0.04], amputation (OR 4.38, 95% CI 2.56–7.47, P < 0.001), prolonged LOS (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.14–2.22, P = 0.01), and discharge to rehab (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.07–2.07, P = 0.02). Free flaps were associated with prolonged LOS (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.74–2.49, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Prereconstruction vascular interventions were associated with higher incidences of adverse outcomes. Free flaps correlated with longer LOS, but otherwise similar outcomes. Investigating reasons for increased complication and healthcare utilization likelihood among these subgroups is warranted.