Arteriovenous Shunts: Their Location and Role in Physiology, Pathology, and Tissue Transfer. A Preliminary Report in the Upper Limb

Abstract

Background: Tiny arteriovenous (AV) shunts of 10–150 µm (0.01–0.15 mm) are documented in the hands and feet. Larger shunts up to 0.5 mm (500 µm) have been discovered by the authors in the inner canthus and the human eye. This study seeks their possible existence in the upper limb. Methods: Radiographic lead oxide cadaver injection and dissection studies of 14 archival and six new upper limbs were examined. Results: AV shunts of 0.1–0.5 mm were discovered between the brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries and their venae comitantes and between their arterial perforators and the subcutaneous veins. Conclusion: This pilot study provides insight into the possible function of these large AV shunts associated with blood flow variation in temperature, blood pressure, tissue transfer, flap prefabrication, and flap necrosis.