Deep and Superficial Debridement Techniques in Lower Extremity Split-thickness Skin Grafting

Abstract

Background: Patients with nonhealing lower extremity (LE) wounds often require a split-thickness skin graft (STSG) for closure. Nonviable tissue must be debrided before STSG inset. Our study aimed to compare differences in debridement depth on STSG outcomes. Methods: Chronic, atraumatic LE wounds receiving STSG from December 2014 to December 2022 at a single institution were reviewed. Demographics, wound characteristics, operative details, and outcomes were collected. Superficially debrided wounds were compared with wounds receiving deep debridement (DD), defined by debriding to the level of white tissue underlying the granulation tissue. Subanalysis was performed on wounds that had a negative and positive postdebridement culture. Primary outcome was graft failure. Results: Overall, 244 wounds in 168 patients were identified. In total, 158 (64.8%) wounds were superficially debrided and 86 (35.3%) received DD. The cohort had a median Charlson Comorbidity Index of 4 [interquartile range (IQR): 3]. Diabetes (56.6%) and peripheral artery disease (36.9%) were prevalent. The only statically significant demographic difference between groups was congestive heart failure (SD: 14.9% versus DD: 3.0%, P = 0.017). Wound size, depth, and all microbiology results were similar between groups. Postoperatively, the DD group demonstrated significantly less graft failure (10.5% versus 22.2%, P = 0.023). In a multivariate regression, DD was independently associated with lower odds of graft failure (OR: 0.0; CI, 0.0–0.8; P = 0.034). Sub-analysis of graft failure supported this finding in culture-positive wounds (DD: 7.6% versus DD: 22.1%, P = 0.018) but not in culture-negative wounds (13.6% versus 22.2%, P = 0.507). Conclusions: The DD technique demonstrates improved outcomes in chronic, culture-positive LE wounds receiving STSG.