Brief Report: Changing Characteristics Among In-Hospital HIV Deaths: An 11-Year Retrospective Review of a Regional Hospital in South Africa

Abstract

Background: Elevated HIV-associated mortality persists, despite a notable decline with the expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In South Africa, the relative majority of deaths occur in health facilities, providing an opportunity to track decedent characteristics. Setting: We analyzed data from 14,870 adult patients who died between 2008 and 2018 at Klerksdorp/Tshepong Hospital Complex in South Africa. Methods: Recorded data included demographics, causes of death, HIV status, ART, and tuberculosis (TB) history. We present summary statistics and results from linear, log-binomial, and multinomial regressions to quantify changes over time. Results: Over the study period, the median age of decedents with HIV in the hospital increased from 39.3 to 43.4 years, and there was a switch to male predominance (46%–54%). Those who died at a younger age (<40 years) remained more likely to be HIV-positive than the older age group, despite the overall proportion of HIV-positivity decreasing over time. The proportion of decedents with HIV ever started on ART increased from 21% to 67%. The proportion of HIV patients dying from TB and AIDS-defining illnesses decreased from 31% to 22%. Conclusions: We noted a shift in deaths over time to more men and older individuals, whereas the burden of HIV was heaviest on the younger age groups. Advanced HIV disease remained an important cause of mortality. We also observed an increase in less-traditional opportunistic illnesses among those with HIV, including malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. The high proportion of patients on ART who died prematurely requires further research and interventions.