Maternal and birth outcomes in pregnant people with and without HIV in the Western Cape, South Africa

Abstract

Introduction: We evaluated associations of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) with birth and maternal outcomes at a province-wide-level in the Western Cape, South Africa, in a recent cohort before dolutegravir-based first-line ART implementation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included pregnant people delivering in 2018-2019 with data in the Western Cape Provincial Health Data Centre which integrates individual-level data on all public sector patients from multiple electronic platforms using unique identifiers. Adverse birth outcomes (stillbirth, low birth weight (LBW), very LBW (VLBW)) and maternal outcomes (early and late pregnancy-related deaths, early and late hospitalizations) were compared by HIV/ART status and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) calculated using log-binomial regression. Results: Overall 171,960 pregnant people and their singleton newborns were included, 19% (N = 32 015) identified with HIV. Amongst pregnant people with HIV (PPHIV), 60% (N = 19 157) were on ART preconception, 29% (N = 9276) initiated ART during pregnancy and 11% (N = 3582) had no ART. Adjusted for maternal age, multiparity, hypertensive disorders and residential district, stillbirths were higher only for PPHIV not on ART [aPR 1.31 (95%CI 1.04–1.66)] compared to those without HIV. However, LBW and VLBW were higher among all PPHIV, with aPRs of 1.11–1.22 for LBW and 1.14–1.54 for VLBW. Pregnancy-initiated ART was associated with early pregnancy-related death (aPR 3.21; 95%CI 1.55–6.65), and HIV with or without ART was associated with late pregnancy-related death (aPRs 7.89–9.01). Conclusions: Even in the universal ART era, PPHIV experienced higher rates of LBW and VLBW newborns, and higher late pregnancy-related death regardless of ART status than pregnant people without HIV.