Diagnosis and management of primary heart involvement in systemic sclerosis

Author:

De Luca Giacomo12,Matucci-Cerinic Marco23,Mavrogeni Sophie I.45

Affiliation:

1. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University

2. Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan

3. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

4. Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center

5. University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescent Healthcare, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece

Abstract

Purpose of review In systemic sclerosis (SSc) primary heart involvement (pHI) is frequent, even though often unrecognized due to its occult nature and to the lack of a specific diagnostic algorithm. The purpose of this review is to report the state of the art of the evidence in the current literature, as well as the overall diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies for primary heart involvement in SSc. Recent findings SSc-pHI is defined by the presence of cardiac abnormalities that are predominantly attributable to SSc rather than other causes and/or complications; it may be sub-clinical and must be confirmed through diagnostic investigations. Novel electrocardiographic analysis and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with mapping techniques have been recently proposed, showing a great utility in the early identification of SSc-pHI and in the noninvasive characterization of myocardial tissue. Immunosuppressive therapy emerged as fundamental to curb myocardial inflammation, and recent preclinical and clinical data support the role of antifibrotic drugs to treat SSc-pHI. Summary our review will help clinicians to properly integrate the available diagnostic modalities for the assessment of SSc-pHI. The ultimate goal is to propose a feasible diagnostic algorithm for the early identification of patients with SSc-pHI, and a schematic therapeutic approach to manage SSc-pHI.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Rheumatology

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