Association of the ACE and AGT gene polymorphisms with global disparities in COVID-19-related deaths

Abstract

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the gene polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality rates worldwide. Methods The prevalence of ACE I/D, AGT M235T, and AT1R A1166C alleles’ frequencies in different populations was assessed. Data on COVID-19-related cases and deaths were acquired from the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, which included weekly reports by country and continent. An Excel tool was developed to visualize the acquired data of mortality and incidence by classifying them by continent/country across specific periods of time. Spearman’s nonparametric correlation was used to evaluate the association between country-based frequencies in RAS gene polymorphisms and COVID-19-related deaths. Results While China constituted the initial reservoir of COVID-19, incidence/mortality rates in Europe and America outnumbered the figures in the former. A clear association was identified between death rates and ACE D/I (r = 0.3659; P = 0.033), as well as AGT A/G variants (r = 0.7576; P = 0.015). Data on AT1R polymorphisms suggested no correlation with mortality rates. Conclusion Our results demonstrated a significant disparity in COVID-19-related susceptibility and mortality among different populations and corroborate the importance of gene polymorphisms in predicting and consequently improving patients’ outcomes.