Effect of CYP2D6 genetic variation on patient-reported symptom improvement and side effects among children and adolescents treated with amphetamines

Abstract

Objectives Amphetamine-based medications are recommended as a first-line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. However, the efficacy and tolerability of these medications vary across individuals, which could be related to interindividual differences in amphetamine metabolism. This study examined if genotype-predicted phenotypes of the cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP2D6 were associated with self-reported side effects and symptom improvement in youth treated with amphetamines. Methods Two hundred fourteen participants aged 6–24 who had a history of past or current amphetamine treatment were enrolled from Western Canada. Amphetamine dose and duration information was collected from the participants along with questions regarding adherence, concomitant medications, symptom improvement and side effects. DNA was extracted from saliva samples and genotyped for CYP2D6. Binomial logistic regression models were used to determine the effect of CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype with and without correction for phenoconversion on self-reported symptom improvement and side effects. Results Genotype-predicted CYP2D6 poor metabolizers had significantly higher odds of reporting symptom improvement when compared to intermediate metabolizers (OR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.15–11.7, P = 0.029) after correction for phenoconversion and adjusting for sex, age, dose, duration, and adherence. There was no association between CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype and self-reported side effects. Conclusion Our findings indicate that phenoconverted and genotype-predicted CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype is significantly associated with higher odds of symptom improvement in children and adolescents treated with amphetamine. If replicated, these results could inform the development of future dosing guidelines for amphetamine treatment in children and adolescents.