Th-Cell Subsets of Submandibular Lymph Nodes in Peri-Implantitis

Abstract

Background: Implant surgery is a popular operation in craniomaxillofacial surgery, but the occurrence of peri-implantitis affects the success and survival rate of the implant. Research has found that Th-cell–related cytokines are associated with peri-implantitis. However, the distribution and proportions of Th-cell subsets in submandibular lymph nodes’ immune environments during the progression of peri-implantitis remain unclear. Methods: Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group, the 1-week ligation peri-implantitis induction (Lig 1w) group, the Lig 2w group, and the Lig 4w group (n=12). Ligation was maintained for different times to induce peri-implantitis 4 weeks after implantation. Inflammation and bone resorption were examined by clinical probing and micro-CT. The submandibular lymph nodes were harvested for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry to obtain the Th-cell profiles. Results: With increasing ligation time, more redness and swelling in the gingiva and more bone resorption around the implant were observed (P<0.05). The proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells increased, the proportion of Th2 cells decreased, and the proportion of Treg cells first increased and then decreased in the lymph nodes (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study provided a preliminary characterization of the temporal distribution of Th cells in lymph nodes of peri-implantitis. Persistent elevation of Th1 and Th17 proportions and decrease of Treg proportion may be the cause of bone resorption in peri-implantitis. Lymphatic drainage may be a bridge between craniomaxillofacial diseases and systemic diseases. Early immune support against T cells may be a potential therapeutic idea for the prevention of implant failure and the potential risk of systemic disease.