Vaginal dysbiosis – the association with reproductive outcomes in IVF patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Purpose of review To examine impact of vaginal dysbiosis (VD), including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and aerobic vaginitis (AV) on reproductive outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. Recent findings BV-bacteria (e.g. Gardnerella) and AV-bacteria (e.g. Streptococci and Enterococci) have been identified in the endometrium. However, there is inconclusive evidence whether IVF patients with VD have lower success rates. Summary The present systematic review and meta-analysis of PubMed/Medline, until December 2023 included 25 studies, involving 6835 IVF patients. Overall VD was defined as an approximation of community state type IV, including BV and AV-type dysbiosis based on either molecular or microscopy methods. Outcomes were live birth rate (LBR), early pregnancy loss (EPL), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), and biochemical pregnancy rate (BPR). Vaginal dysbiosis prevalence was 19% [1271/6835, 95% confidence interval (CI) 18–20%]. Six studies examined AV-type dysbiosis with a prevalence of 4% (26/628, 95% CI 3–6%). Vaginal dysbiosis correlates with a higher EPL [relative risk (RR) = 1.49, 95% CI 1.15–1.94] and lower CPR (RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.70–0.95). No statistically significant impact of VD, BV, or AV was found on LBR and BPR. Thus, the association between VD and reproductive outcome remains puzzling as it is difficult to explain how VD impacts CPR and EPL but not LBR and BPR.