Usefulness of net retrieval devices for central airway obstruction caused by blood clots during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Case series

Abstract

Rationale: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the last trump card for severe respiratory failure. The main complications of ECMO are bleeding and thrombosis, both of which can be life-threatening. Large blood clots can cause central airway obstruction (CAO) during ECMO, and CAO should be removed as soon as possible because of asphyxiation. However, there is no comprehensive reports on its frequency and management. The purpose of this study is to share therapeutic experiences for rare and serious conditions and provide valuable insights. Patient concerns: We report 3 patients placed on ECMO for severe respiratory failure. Diagnosis: CAO due to large blood clots occurred during ECMO in all 3 patients. Interventions: Large blood clots were removed using flexible bronchoscopy, grasping forceps, and net retrieval devices in all 3 patients. Outcomes: In all 3 patients, large blood clots were removed multiple times during ECMO. The patients’ respiratory conditions improved and they were eventually weaned off the ECMO. Lessons: CAO due to large blood clots during ECMO is rare. The frequency of CAO requiring bronchoscopic removal was estimated to be approximately 1,5%. When this occurs, clots should be removed as soon as possible. Net retrieval devices are useful tools for the collection of large blood clots.