Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperexcitability after brain injury: A clinical analysis of case series

Abstract

Background: Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperexcitability (PSH) is a group of complex syndromes with various etiologies. Previous studies were limited to the description of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and the description of PSH after other types of brain injury was rare. We explored the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of PSH after various types of brain injuries. Methods: Patients admitted to the neurosurgery intensive care unit with PSH after brain injury from July 2019 to December 2022 were included. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, drug therapy, and disease prognosis were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: Fifteen male and 9 female patients with PSH after brain injury were selected. TBI was most likely to cause PSH (66.7%), followed by spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (25%). Glasgow coma scale scores of 19 patients (79.2%) were lower than 8 and 14 patients (58.3%) underwent tracheotomy. Electroencephalogram monitoring was performed in 12 individuals, none of which showed epileptic waves. Clinical symptom scale showed mild symptoms in 17 cases (70.8%). Almost all patients were administered a combination of drugs. After follow-up, most patients had a poor prognosis and 2 (8.3%) died after discharge. Conclusion: The etiology of PSH is complex. TBI may be the most common cause of PSH. Non-TBI may also be an important cause of PSH. Therefore, early identification, prevention and diagnosis are helpful for determining the prognosis and outcome of the disease.