Swarming magnetic nanorobots bio-interfaced by heparinoid-polymer brushes for in vivo safe synergistic thrombolysis

Abstract

Biocompatible swarming magnetic nanorobots that work in blood vessels for safe and efficient targeted thrombolytic therapy in vivo are demonstrated. This is achieved by using magnetic beads elaborately grafted with heparinoid-polymer brushes (HPBs) upon the application of an alternating magnetic field B ( t ). Because of the dense surface charges bestowed by HPBs, the swarming nanorobots demonstrate reversible agglomeration-free reconfigurations, low hemolysis, anti-bioadhesion, and self-anticoagulation in high-ionic-strength blood environments. They are confirmed in vitro and in vivo to perform synergistic thrombolysis efficiently by “motile-targeting” drug delivery and mechanical destruction. Moreover, upon the completion of thrombolysis and removal of B ( t ), the nanorobots disassemble into dispersed particles in blood, allowing them to safely participate in circulation and be phagocytized by immune cells without apparent organ damage or inflammatory lesion. This work provides a rational multifaceted HPB biointerfacing design strategy for biomedical nanorobots and a general motile platform to deliver drugs for targeted therapies.