Open science discovery of potent noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors

Author:

Boby Melissa L.123,Fearon Daren45ORCID,Ferla Matteo6,Filep Mihajlo7ORCID,Koekemoer Lizbé89ORCID,Robinson Matthew C.10ORCID,Chodera John D.3ORCID,Lee Alpha A.10,London Nir7ORCID,von Delft Annette689ORCID,von Delft Frank458911ORCID,Achdout Hagit12,Aimon Anthony1314,Alonzi Dominic S.15,Arbon Robert16,Aschenbrenner Jasmin C.1314,Balcomb Blake H.1314,Bar-David Elad12,Barr Haim17,Ben-Shmuel Amir12,Bennett James1819,Bilenko Vitaliy A.2021,Borden Bruce22,Boulet Pascale23,Bowman Gregory R.24,Brewitz Lennart25,Brun Juliane15,BVNBS Sarma26,Calmiano Mark27,Carbery Anna1328,Carney Daniel W.29,Cattermole Emma15,Chang Edcon29,Chernyshenko Eugene20,Clyde Austin30,Coffland Joseph E.31,Cohen Galit17,Cole Jason C.32,Contini Alessandro33,Cox Lisa34,Croll Tristan Ian3536,Cvitkovic Milan37,De Jonghe Steven38,Dias Alex1314,Donckers Kim38,Dotson David L.39,Douangamath Alice1314,Duberstein Shirly17,Dudgeon Tim40,Dunnett Louise E.1314,Eastman Peter41,Erez Noam12,Eyermann Charles J.42,Fairhead Michael18,Fate Gwen43,Fedorov Oleg1819,Fernandes Rafaela S.44,Ferrins Lori42,Foster Richard45,Foster Holly4546,Fraisse Laurent23,Gabizon Ronen47,García-Sastre Adolfo4849505152,Gawriljuk Victor O.4453,Gehrtz Paul4754,Gileadi Carina18,Giroud Charline1819,Glass William G.1646,Glen Robert C.55,Glinert Itai12,Godoy Andre S.44,Gorichko Marian21,Gorrie-Stone Tyler1314,Griffen Ed J.56,Haneef Amna57,Hassell Hart Storm58,Heer Jag59,Henry Michael16,Hill Michelle1560,Horrell Sam1314,Huang Qiu Yu Judy61,Huliak Victor D.20,Hurley Matthew F. D.62,Israely Tomer12,Jajack Andrew37,Jansen Jitske63,Jnoff Eric64,Jochmans Dirk38,John Tobias2565,Kaminow Benjamin1666,Kang Lulu67,Kantsadi Anastassia L.1568,Kenny Peter W.69,Kiappes J. L.1570,Kinakh Serhii O.20,Kovar Boris71,Krojer Tobias1872,La Van Ngoc Thuy57,Laghnimi-Hahn Sophie23,Lefker Bruce A.43,Levy Haim12,Lithgo Ryan M.1314,Logvinenko Ivan G.20,Lukacik Petra1314,Macdonald Hannah Bruce1673,MacLean Elizabeth M.18,Makower Laetitia L.15,Malla Tika R.18,Marples Peter G.1314,Matviiuk Tatiana20,McCorkindale Willam7374,McGovern Briana L.4849,Melamed Sharon12,Melnykov Kostiantyn P.2021,Michurin Oleg20,Miesen Pascal75,Mikolajek Halina1314,Milne Bruce F.7677,Minh David78,Morris Aaron37,Morris Garrett M.28,Morwitzer Melody Jane79,Moustakas Demetri80,Mowbray Charles E.23,Nakamura Aline M.4481,Neto Jose Brandao1314,Neyts Johan38,Nguyen Luong37,Noske Gabriela D.44,Oleinikovas Vladas2782,Oliva Glaucius44,Overheul Gijs J.75,Owen C. David1314,Pai Ruby37,Pan Jin37,Paran Nir12,Payne Alexander Matthew1666,Perry Benjamin2383,Pingle Maneesh26,Pinjari Jakir2684,Politi Boaz12,Powell Ailsa1314,Pšenák Vladimír71,Pulido Iván16,Puni Reut12,Rangel Victor L.8586,Reddi Rambabu N.47,Rees Paul87,Reid St Patrick79,Reid Lauren56,Resnick Efrat47,Ripka Emily Grace37,Robinson Ralph P.43,Rodriguez-Guerra Jaime88,Rosales Romel4849,Rufa Dominic A.1666,Saar Kadi74,Saikatendu Kumar Singh29,Salah Eidarus25,Schaller David88,Scheen Jenke16,Schiffer Celia A.61,Schofield Christopher J.25,Shafeev Mikhail20,Shaikh Aarif26,Shaqra Ala M.61,Shi Jiye6489,Shurrush Khriesto17,Singh Sukrit16,Sittner Assa12,Sjö Peter23,Skyner Rachael1314,Smalley Adam27,Smeets Bart90,Smilova Mihaela D.18,Solmesky Leonardo J.17,Spencer John58,Strain-Damerell Claire1314,Swamy Vishwanath2691,Tamir Hadas12,Taylor Jenny C.92,Tennant Rachael E.93,Thompson Warren1314,Thompson Andrew1894,Tomásio Susana95,Tomlinson Charles W. E.1314,Tsurupa Igor S.20,Tumber Anthony25,Vakonakis Ioannis1596,van Rij Ronald P.75,Vangeel Laura38,Varghese Finny S.7597,Vaschetto Mariana95,Vitner Einat B.12,Voelz Vincent62,Volkamer Andrea8898,Walsh Martin A.1314,Ward Walter99,Weatherall Charlie100,Weiss Shay12,White Kris M.4849,Wild Conor Francis1314,Witt Karolina D.101,Wittmann Matthew16,Wright Nathan18,Yahalom-Ronen Yfat12,Yilmaz Nese Kurt61,Zaidmann Daniel47,Zhang Ivy16,Zidane Hadeer17,Zitzmann Nicole15,Zvornicanin Sarah N.61,

Affiliation:

1. Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.

2. Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.

3. Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.

4. Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.

5. Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.

6. Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

7. Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

8. Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

9. Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

10. PostEra Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

11. Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa.

12. Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ness-Ziona, Israel.

13. Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.

14. Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.

15. University of Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.

16. Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Computational and Systems Biology Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.

17. The Weizmann Institute of Science, Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.

18. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.

19. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.

20. Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.

21. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine.

22. Folding@Home Consortium.

23. Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Geneva, 1202, Switzerland.

24. University of Pennsylvania, Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Bioengineering, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA.

25. University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.

26. Sai Life Sciences Limited, ICICI Knowledge Park, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India.

27. UCB, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK.

28. University of Oxford, Department of Statistics, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK.

29. Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.

30. Argonne National Lab, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.

31. Cauldron Development Oy, Helsinki, 00140, Finland.

32. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, UK.

33. University of Milan, Department of General and Organic Chemistry, Milan, 20133, Italy.

34. Life Compass Consulting Ltd, Macclesfield, SK10 5UE, UK.

35. The University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.

36. Present address: Altos Labs, BioML group, Great Abington, CB21 6GP.

37. PostEra Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.

38. KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.

39. Datryllic LLC, Phoenix AZ, 85003, USA.

40. Informatics Matters Ltd, Bicester, OX26 6JU, UK.

41. Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

42. Northeastern University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Boston MA 02115, USA.

43. Thames Pharma Partners LLC, Mystic, CT 06355, USA.

44. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, Sao Carlos, 13563-120, Brazil.

45. University of Leeds, School of Chemistry, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.

46. Present address: Exscientia, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK.

47. The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.

48. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY 10029, USA.

49. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA.

50. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY 10029, USA.

51. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA.

52. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.

53. Present address: University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Design, Groningen, 9700 AV, Netherlands.

54. Present address: Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, 64293, Germany.

55. University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.

56. MedChemica Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire. SK11 6PU UK.

57. Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Chicago IL 60616 USA.

58. University of Sussex, Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK.

59. Syngene International Limited, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BZ, UK.

60. Present address: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford. OX1 3RE, UK.

61. University of Massachusetts, Chan Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Worcester MA 01655, USA.

62. Temple University, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.

63. RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Aachen, 52074, Germany.

64. UCB, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.

65. Present address: AMSilk, Neuried, 82061, Germany.

66. Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.

67. Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Mathematics, Chicago IL 60616 USA.

68. University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Larissa, 415 00, Greece.

69. Berwick-on-Sea, North Coast Road, Blanchisseuse, Saint George, Trinidad and Tobago.

70. Present address: University College of London, Department of Chemistry, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.

71. M2M solutions s.r.o. Žilina, 010 01, Slovakia.

72. MAX IV Laboratory, Fotongatan 2, 224 84 Lund, Sweden.

73. Present address: Charm Therapeutics, London, N1C 4AG, UK.

74. University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK.

75. Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Netherlands.

76. University of Aberdeen, Department of Chemistry, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE Scotland, UK.

77. University of Coimbra, CFisUC, Department of Physics, Coimbra, 3004-516, Portugal.

78. Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Chicago IL 60616 USA.

79. University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Dept of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.

80. Relay Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

81. Present address: Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil.

82. Present address: Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Basel, CH 4057, Switzerland.

83. Present address: Medicxi, Geneva, 1204, Switzerland.

84. Present address: Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company (SPARC), Baroda, India.

85. University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto - SP/CEP 14040-903, Brazil.

86. Present address: Evotec (UK) Ltd, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK.

87. Compass Bussiness Partners Ltd, Southcliffe, Bucks, SL9 0PD, UK.

88. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, In silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Berlin, 10117, Germany.

89. Present address: Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.

90. Radboud University Medical Center, Department of pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Netherlands.

91. Present address: TCG Life Sciences, Pune, India.

92. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.

93. Lhasa Limited, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK.

94. Present address: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.

95. Collaborative Drug Discovery, Cambridge, CB2 1GE, UK.

96. Present address: Lonza Biologics, Lonza Ltd, Lonzastrasse, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland.

97. Present address: uniQure Biopharma, Amsterdam, 1105 BP, Netherlands.

98. Present address: Saarland University, Data Driven Drug Design, Campus - E2.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.

99. Walter Ward Consultancy and Training, Derbyshire, SK22 4AA, UK.

100. Collaborative Drug Discovery, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA.

101. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, Oxford, Oxon, OX3 7DQ, UK.

Abstract

We report the results of the COVID Moonshot, a fully open-science, crowdsourced, and structure-enabled drug discovery campaign targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease. We discovered a noncovalent, nonpeptidic inhibitor scaffold with lead-like properties that is differentiated from current main protease inhibitors. Our approach leveraged crowdsourcing, machine learning, exascale molecular simulations, and high-throughput structural biology and chemistry. We generated a detailed map of the structural plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, extensive structure-activity relationships for multiple chemotypes, and a wealth of biochemical activity data. All compound designs (>18,000 designs), crystallographic data (>490 ligand-bound x-ray structures), assay data (>10,000 measurements), and synthesized molecules (>2400 compounds) for this campaign were shared rapidly and openly, creating a rich, open, and intellectual property–free knowledge base for future anticoronavirus drug discovery.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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