Evolutionary constraint and innovation across hundreds of placental mammals

Author:

Christmas Matthew J.1ORCID,Kaplow Irene M.23ORCID,Genereux Diane P.4ORCID,Dong Michael X.1ORCID,Hughes Graham M.5ORCID,Li Xue467ORCID,Sullivan Patrick F.89ORCID,Hindle Allyson G.10ORCID,Andrews Gregory7ORCID,Armstrong Joel C.11,Bianchi Matteo1ORCID,Breit Ana M.12ORCID,Diekhans Mark11ORCID,Fanter Cornelia10ORCID,Foley Nicole M.13ORCID,Goodman Daniel B.14ORCID,Goodman Linda15ORCID,Keough Kathleen C.151617ORCID,Kirilenko Bogdan181920ORCID,Kowalczyk Amanda23ORCID,Lawless Colleen5ORCID,Lind Abigail L.1617ORCID,Meadows Jennifer R. S.1ORCID,Moreira Lucas R.47ORCID,Redlich Ruby W.21,Ryan Louise5ORCID,Swofford Ross4ORCID,Valenzuela Alejandro22ORCID,Wagner Franziska23,Wallerman Ola1ORCID,Brown Ashley R.23ORCID,Damas Joana24ORCID,Fan Kaili7ORCID,Gatesy John25ORCID,Grimshaw Jenna26ORCID,Johnson Jeremy4ORCID,Kozyrev Sergey V.1ORCID,Lawler Alyssa J.3421ORCID,Marinescu Voichita D.1ORCID,Morrill Kathleen M.467ORCID,Osmanski Austin27ORCID,Paulat Nicole S.26ORCID,Phan BaDoi N.2327ORCID,Reilly Steven K.28ORCID,Schäffer Daniel E.2ORCID,Steiner Cynthia29ORCID,Supple Megan A.30ORCID,Wilder Aryn P.29ORCID,Wirthlin Morgan E.2331ORCID,Xue James R.432ORCID,Birren Bruce W.4,Gazal Steven33ORCID,Hubley Robert M.34ORCID,Koepfli Klaus-Peter353637,Marques-Bonet Tomas38394041ORCID,Meyer Wynn K.42ORCID,Nweeia Martin43444546ORCID,Sabeti Pardis C.43247ORCID,Shapiro Beth3048ORCID,Smit Arian F. A.34ORCID,Springer Mark S.49ORCID,Teeling Emma C.5ORCID,Weng Zhiping7ORCID,Hiller Michael181920ORCID,Levesque Danielle L.12ORCID,Lewin Harris A.245051ORCID,Murphy William J.13ORCID,Navarro Arcadi38405253ORCID,Paten Benedict11ORCID,Pollard Katherine S.161754ORCID,Ray David A.26ORCID,Ruf Irina55ORCID,Ryder Oliver A.2956ORCID,Pfenning Andreas R.23ORCID,Lindblad-Toh Kerstin14ORCID,Karlsson Elinor K.4757ORCID,Andrews Gregory,Armstrong Joel C.,Bianchi Matteo,Birren Bruce W.,Bredemeyer Kevin R.,Breit Ana M.,Christmas Matthew J.,Clawson Hiram,Damas Joana,Di Palma Federica,Diekhans Mark,Dong Michael X.,Eizirik Eduardo,Fan Kaili,Fanter Cornelia,Foley Nicole M.,Forsberg-Nilsson Karin,Garcia Carlos J.,Gatesy John,Gazal Steven,Genereux Diane P.,Goodman Linda,Grimshaw Jenna,Halsey Michaela K.,Harris Andrew J.,Hickey Glenn,Hiller Michael,Hindle Allyson G.,Hubley Robert M.,Hughes Graham M.,Johnson Jeremy,Juan David,Kaplow Irene M.,Karlsson Elinor K.,Keough Kathleen C.,Kirilenko Bogdan,Koepfli Klaus-Peter,Korstian Jennifer M.,Kowalczyk Amanda,Kozyrev Sergey V.,Lawler Alyssa J.,Lawless Colleen,Lehmann Thomas,Levesque Danielle L.,Lewin Harris A.,Li Xue,Lind Abigail,Lindblad-Toh Kerstin,Mackay-Smith Ava,Marinescu Voichita D.,Marques-Bonet Tomas,Mason Victor C.,Meadows Jennifer R. S.,Meyer Wynn K.,Moore Jill E.,Moreira Lucas R.,Moreno-Santillan Diana D.,Morrill Kathleen M.,Muntané Gerard,Murphy William J.,Navarro Arcadi,Nweeia Martin,Ortmann Sylvia,Osmanski Austin,Paten Benedict,Paulat Nicole S.,Pfenning Andreas R.,Phan BaDoi N.,Pollard Katherine S.,Pratt Henry E.,Ray David A.,Reilly Steven K.,Rosen Jeb R.,Ruf Irina,Ryan Louise,Ryder Oliver A.,Sabeti Pardis C.,Schäffer Daniel E.,Serres Aitor,Shapiro Beth,Smit Arian F. A.,Springer Mark,Srinivasan Chaitanya,Steiner Cynthia,Storer Jessica M.,Sullivan Kevin A. M.,Sullivan Patrick F.,Sundström Elisabeth,Supple Megan A.,Swofford Ross,Talbot Joy-El,Teeling Emma,Turner-Maier Jason,Valenzuela Alejandro,Wagner Franziska,Wallerman Ola,Wang Chao,Wang Juehan,Weng Zhiping,Wilder Aryn P.,Wirthlin Morgan E.,Xue James R.,Zhang Xiaomeng,

Affiliation:

1. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 32 Uppsala, Sweden.

2. Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

3. Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

4. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

5. School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.

6. Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

7. Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

8. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

9. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

10. School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.

11. Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

12. School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.

13. Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

14. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

15. Fauna Bio, Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.

16. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

17. Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

18. Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.

19. LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.

20. Senckenberg Research Institute, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.

21. Department of Biological Sciences, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

22. Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

23. Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, 01109 Dresden, Germany.

24. The Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

25. Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.

26. Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.

27. Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

28. Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

29. Conservation Genetics, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.

30. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

31. Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

32. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

33. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

34. Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

35. Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA.

36. Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.

37. Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.

38. Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.

39. CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.

40. Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

41. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.

42. Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.

43. Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

44. Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2R1, Canada.

45. Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20002, USA.

46. Narwhal Genome Initiative, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

47. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

48. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

49. Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

50. Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

51. John Muir Institute for the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

52. BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.

53. CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

54. Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

55. Division of Messel Research and Mammalogy, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

56. Department of Evolution, Behavior and Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.

57. Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

Abstract

Zoonomia is the largest comparative genomics resource for mammals produced to date. By aligning genomes for 240 species, we identify bases that, when mutated, are likely to affect fitness and alter disease risk. At least 332 million bases (~10.7%) in the human genome are unusually conserved across species (evolutionarily constrained) relative to neutrally evolving repeats, and 4552 ultraconserved elements are nearly perfectly conserved. Of 101 million significantly constrained single bases, 80% are outside protein-coding exons and half have no functional annotations in the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) resource. Changes in genes and regulatory elements are associated with exceptional mammalian traits, such as hibernation, that could inform therapeutic development. Earth’s vast and imperiled biodiversity offers distinctive power for identifying genetic variants that affect genome function and organismal phenotypes.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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