The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Published:2002-10-04 Issue:5591 Volume:298 Page:129-149
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Holt Robert A.¹,Subramanian G. Mani¹,Halpern Aaron¹,Sutton Granger G.¹,Charlab Rosane¹,Nusskern Deborah R.¹,Wincker Patrick²,Clark Andrew G.³,Ribeiro JoséM. C.⁴,Wides Ron⁵,Salzberg Steven L.⁶,Loftus Brendan⁶,Yandell Mark¹,Majoros William H.¹⁶,Rusch Douglas B.¹,Lai Zhongwu¹,Kraft Cheryl L.¹,Abril Josep F.⁷,Anthouard Veronique²,Arensburger Peter⁸,Atkinson Peter W.⁸,Baden Holly¹,de Berardinis Veronique²,Baldwin Danita¹,Benes Vladimir⁹,Biedler Jim¹⁰,Blass Claudia⁹,Bolanos Randall¹,Boscus Didier²,Barnstead Mary¹,Cai Shuang¹,Center Angela¹,Chatuverdi Kabir¹,Christophides George K.⁹,Chrystal Mathew A.¹¹,Clamp Michele¹²,Cravchik Anibal¹,Curwen Val¹²,Dana Ali¹¹,Delcher Art¹,Dew Ian¹,Evans Cheryl A.¹,Flanigan Michael¹,Grundschober-Freimoser Anne¹³,Friedli Lisa⁸,Gu Zhiping¹,Guan Ping¹,Guigo Roderic⁷,Hillenmeyer Maureen E.¹¹,Hladun Susanne L.¹,Hogan James R.¹¹,Hong Young S.¹¹,Hoover Jeffrey¹,Jaillon Olivier²,Ke Zhaoxi¹¹¹,Kodira Chinnappa¹,Kokoza Elena¹⁴,Koutsos Anastasios¹⁵¹⁶,Letunic Ivica⁹,Levitsky Alex¹,Liang Yong¹,Lin Jhy-Jhu¹⁶,Lobo Neil F.¹¹,Lopez John R.¹,Malek Joel A.⁶,McIntosh Tina C.¹,Meister Stephan⁹,Miller Jason¹,Mobarry Clark¹,Mongin Emmanuel¹⁷,Murphy Sean D.¹,O'Brochta David A.¹³,Pfannkoch Cynthia¹,Qi Rong¹,Regier Megan A.¹,Remington Karin¹,Shao Hongguang¹⁰,Sharakhova Maria V.¹¹,Sitter Cynthia D.¹,Shetty Jyoti⁶,Smith Thomas J.¹,Strong Renee¹,Sun Jingtao¹,Thomasova Dana⁹,Ton Lucas Q.¹¹,Topalis Pantelis¹⁵,Tu Zhijian¹⁰,Unger Maria F.¹¹,Walenz Brian¹,Wang Aihui¹,Wang Jian¹,Wang Mei¹,Wang Xuelan¹¹,Woodford Kerry J.¹,Wortman Jennifer R.¹⁶,Wu Martin⁶,Yao Alison¹,Zdobnov Evgeny M.⁹,Zhang Hongyu¹,Zhao Qi¹,Zhao Shaying⁶,Zhu Shiaoping C.¹,Zhimulev Igor¹⁴,Coluzzi Mario¹⁸,della Torre Alessandra¹⁸,Roth Charles W.¹⁹,Louis Christos¹⁵¹⁶,Kalush Francis¹,Mural Richard J.¹,Myers Eugene W.¹,Adams Mark D.¹,Smith Hamilton O.¹,Broder Samuel¹,Gardner Malcolm J.⁶,Fraser Claire M.⁶,Birney Ewan¹⁷,Bork Peer⁹,Brey Paul T.¹⁹,Venter J. Craig¹⁶,Weissenbach Jean²,Kafatos Fotis C.⁹,Collins Frank H.¹¹,Hoffman Stephen L.¹

Affiliation:

1. Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.

2. Genoscope/Centre National de Sequencage and CNRS-UMR 8030, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry Cedex 06, France.

3. Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

4. Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Building 4, Room 126, 4 Center Drive, MSC-0425, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

5. Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

6. The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.

7. Grup de Recerca en Informatica Biomedica, IMIM/UPF/CRG, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

8. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

9. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

10. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.

11. Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.

12. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.

13. Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

14. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Lavrentyeva ave 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.

15. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the Foundation of Research and Technology–Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Post Office Box 1527, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and University of Crete, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

16. Department of Biology, University of Crete, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

17. European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.

18. Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Parassitologia, Universitàdegli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza,” P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.

19. Unité de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire des Insectes, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724 Cedex 15, France.

Abstract

Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency (“dual haplotypes”) in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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