Face and content validity of the EMPOWER-UP questionnaire: a generic measure of empowerment in relational decision-making and problem-solving

Author:

Marqvorsen Emilie Haarslev Schröder1,Lund Line2,Biener Sigrid Normann3,Due-Christensen Mette4,Husted Gitte R.5,Jørgensen Rikke6,Mathiesen Anne Sophie7,Olesen Mette Linnet8,Petersen Morten Aagaard2,Pouwer François9,Rasmussen Bodil10,Rothmann Mette Juel11,Thomsen Thordis1,Winkley Kirsty12,Zoffmann Vibeke13

Affiliation:

1. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen

2. Palliative Care Research Unit, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine GP, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital

3. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen

4. Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Society, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen

5. Department of Research and Development, Danish College of Pharmacy Practice, Pharmakon

6. Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital

7. Department of Endocrinology, Center for Cancer and Organ Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet

8. The Interdisciplinary Research Unit of Women's Children's, and Families' Health, the Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet

9. Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark

10. The Centre for Quality and Patient Safety, Institute of Health Transformation - Western Health Partnership, Western Health

11. Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital

12. Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London

13. Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen

Abstract

Abstract Background Decision-making and problem-solving processes are powerful activities occurring daily across all healthcare settings. Their empowering potential is seldom fully exploited, and they may even be perceived as disempowering. We developed the EMPOWER-UP questionnaire to enable assessment of healthcare users’ perception of empowerment across health conditions, healthcare settings, and healthcare providers’ professional backgrounds. This article reports the initial development of EMPOWER-UP, including face and content validation. Methods Four grounded theories explaining barriers and enablers to empowerment in relational decision-making and problem-solving were reviewed to generate a preliminary item pool, which was subsequently reduced using constant comparison. Preliminary items were evaluated for face and content validity using an expert panel of seven researchers and cognitive interviews in Danish and English with 29 adults diagnosed with diabetes, cancer, or schizophrenia. Results A preliminary pool of 139 items was reduced to 46. Independent feedback from expert panel members resulted in further item reduction and modifications supporting content validity and strengthening the potential for generic use. Forty-one preliminary items were evaluated through 29 cognitive interviews, resulting in a 36-item draft questionnaire deemed to have good face and content validity and generic potential. Conclusions Face and content validation using an expert panel and cognitive interviews resulted in a 36-item draft questionnaire with a potential for evaluating empowerment in user-provider interactions regardless of health conditions, healthcare settings, and healthcare providers’ professional backgrounds.

Publisher

Research Square Platform LLC

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