Research on the Biological Potential of Lemon ( Citrus Limon L. Burm.) Peel Extracts as a Multi functional Cosmetic Raw Material

Abstract

Abstract The study aimed to explore the potential of lemon peel extracts as a cosmetic raw material, with a focus on their aromatic, antimicrobial and various biological activities. Lemon peel essential oil (PLEO), extract (PLE) and absolute oil (PLAO) were prepared by steam distillation and organic solvent extraction, respectively. The compositions of PLEO, PLE and PLAO were analyzed by GC/MS, revealing 22, 39, and 9 components respectively, with terpenoids being the main component. PLE had the highest total flavonoid content, and surpassing that of total polyphenols. Aroma intensity, measured with an electronic pen, followed the order LPEO > LPE > LPAO, while aroma persistence was ranked LPAO > LPEO > LPE. All three lemon peel extracts showed strong antibacterial (against E. coli, S. aureus, and C.albicans), as well as antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties, with inhibition rates exceeding 90% in a dose-dependent manner. LPEO demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to LPAO and LPE, with inhibitory rates of 87.79 ± 3.86% and 80.75 ± 2.33% on TNF-α and IL-6 at a concentration of 1×10− 2 mg/mL. Lemon peel extract was found to promote HaCat cell migration, with LPEO showing greater effectiveness than LPE and LPAO. The healing rate of scratched HaCat cells treated with LPEO at a concentration of 1×10− 2 µL/mL for 12 hours was 95.29 ± 3.41%. In conclusion, the combination of these extracts could broaden their applications in cosmetics by offering aroma-enhancing, antioxidant, whitening, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and skin wound healing benefits.