Biomechanical Analysis of Kinetic Variables and Plantar Pressure Distribution: A Comparison between Elite Alpine Skiers, Cross-Country Skiers, and Non-Athletes during Walking

Abstract

Abstract This study explores plantar pressure distribution (PPD) during walking in three groups: elite Alpine Skiers (Alp), Cross-Country Skiers (XC), and Non-Athletes (NA). Using the emed c50 platform, PPD parameters were measured, and ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests conducted. Notable variations in vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) and peak pressures emerged. Alp had lower VGRF in lateral heel, hallux, and metatarsals (third to fifth), with higher force in the second metatarsal than XC. Alp's peak pressure decreased in lateral heel and hallux but increased in lateral midfoot and third to fifth toes compared to XC and NA. Alp displayed smaller contact areas in certain regions (lateral heel, medial midfoot, and metatarsals third to fifth), with larger areas in medial midfoot and third and fifth toes. Alp had reduced ground contact time in the second metatarsal compared to NA. Center of Pressure (COP) displacement analysis revealed distinct patterns. Alp had reduced heel displacement, XC less midfoot displacement. Both Alp and XC showed shorter COP displacement times in midfoot compared to NA. In conclusion, despite the consistent arch index, these findings underscore the profound impact of skiing Activities, especially in Alp, on various biomechanical parameters. This research holds significance for foot health assessment, motion optimization, athlete differentiation, and the development of targeted training strategies in Alpine and Cross-Country skiing