Riboflavin Intake and Mortality of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Abstract Background Current studies have not reported the association between riboflavin intake and all-cause mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study is to explore whether riboflavin intake is associated with the risk of all-cause mortality of patients with CKD. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study, and data extraction was performed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the association between riboflavin intake and the risk of all-cause mortality. Subgroup analysis was carried out according to gender, CKD stage, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results A total of 3,750 patients were finally included for analysis. After potential confounders, lower intake of riboflavin was associated with the higher risk of all-cause mortality (Q1: HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05–1.69). The similar association was also found in patients at mild/moderate stage (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05–1.66), in female (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01–1.81), with hypertension (HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.07–1.75), CVD (HR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.08–2.03), and dyslipidemia (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–1.66). Conclusions This study found the association between low riboflavin intake and high risk of all-cause mortality, indicating a potential beneficial role of riboflavin in CKD patients.