Enhancing Sulfate Attack Resistance of Cement Mortar through Innovative Nano-Silica and Nano-Cellulose Incorporation: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract

Abstract Sulfate attack is a degradation mechanism that takes place when cement mortar is subjected to a medium that is abundant in sulfate ions. In this study, the effects of nano silica and nano cellulose, whether combined or separate on sulfate attack resistance in cement mortars were studied. The designed mixtures were assessed for durability through sulfate attack regarding compressive strength at different ages 30, 90, and 180 days. SEM images were used to determine the formation of the hydration phases of the matrix after immersion in the solution. Results showed that hybrid nano cellulose and nano-silica in cement mortar increase sulfate attack resistance by modifying the C-S-H gel and CH, prolonging the expansive conversion of calcium hydroxide (CH) to gypsum in the cement mortar system. This study ensures that nanomaterials offer potential solutions for improving the long-term performance of concrete structures in sulfate-rich environments, contributing to the sustainable development of infrastructure.