Climate Change Effects on the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem and Tiger Population Dynamics in the Indian Region

Abstract

Abstract In this study, we investigate the impact of climate change, encompassing both natural and anthropogenic scenarios, on the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem—the world's largest natural low-lying mangrove habitat—and its implications for the Royal Bengal Tiger habitat. Situated along the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh, the Sundarban spans approximately 9,600 square km. Employing a multi-source approach, we analyze climate parameters from satellite and real observations, alongside data on mangrove and tiger populations from various sources. Our findings reveal a concerning decrease in mangrove coverage in the present decade, attributed to climate change factors such as rising temperatures, coastal storms, sea-level rise, high humidity, and inadequate rainfall, particularly during the monsoon period. Simultaneously, the Royal Bengal Tiger population in the region has dwindled from 250 in 1960 to a current estimation of 70–80, with the decline attributed to poaching, climate change, and habitat loss. The analysis underscores the interconnectedness of climate, mangrove health, and tiger population, indicating a pressing need for conservation efforts. The study provides critical insights for researchers and policymakers, enhancing our understanding of the complex dynamics between climate change and coastal biodiversity, with significant implications for mangrove ecosystems and tiger habitats. Furthermore, it emphasizes the potential migration of tiger populations from Sundarban to alternative regions due to habitat loss, emphasizing the urgency of addressing climate-induced threats to preserve these vital ecosystems.