HPTLC fingerprinting of Tinospora species: T. cardifolia, T. sinensis and T. crispa with microscopic imaging and physiochemical properties

Abstract

Abstract Wide geographic range, ethanol-botanical uses, ambiguity about species identification, and resemblance in physical appearance among various species are a few considerations that highlight the significance of qualitative analysis to safeguard the purity of botanicals and ensure quality control. The stem of T. cordifolia, T. sinensis, and T. crispa is described in the current work together with its physio-chemical characteristics, macroscopic observations, and anatomical details.These investigations uncovered crucial diagnostic traits that can be used to discriminate between different Tinosprora species and to identify raw materials that have been adulterated. T.crispa had the highest extractive value and drying percentage of any other species. T. crispa exhibits more pronounced warty protuberances on the stem than T. sinensis and T. cordifolia. By using biochemical markers to assess the product's quality, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profiles of authorized materials also develop an effective way to identify products and species. Both T. crispa and T. cordifolia displayed dark bands of cordifolioside-A at RF values of 0.20 and 0.39, respectively, which can serve as reliable biochemical markers for species identification. All three species showed a berberine presence spot with varying amounts. Therefore, the current work can set up a low-cost technique for good quality control and species identification for these Tinospora species and aids in lowering botanical adulteration.