Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Upconversion Nanoprobes Capable of Crossing the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier

Abstract

Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) maintains homeostasis with its surrounding environment by restricting the ingress of large hydrophilic molecules, immune cells, pathogens, and other external harmful substances to the brain. This function relies heavily on the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (B-CSF) and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Although considerable research has examined the structure and function of the BBB, the B-CSF barrier has received little attention. Therapies for disorders associated with the central nervous system have the potential to benefit from targeting the B-CSF barrier to enhance medication penetration into the brain. In this study, we synthesized a nanoprobe (ANG/PEG-UCNP) capable of crossing the B-CSF barrier with high targeting specificity using a hydrocephalus model for noninvasive magnetic resonance ventriculography to understand the mechanism by which the CSF barrier may be crossed and identify therapeutic targets of CNS diseases. This magnetic resonance nanoprobe may provide a safe and effective means for accurately defining the ventricular anatomy and correctly locating sites of CSF obstruction and CSF leakage, facilitating individualized treatment.