Ciliary biology intersects autism and congenital heart disease

Abstract

ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and congenital heart disease (CHD) frequently co-occur, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms of this comorbidity remain unknown. Given that children with CHD are identified as newborns, understanding which CHD variants are associated with autism could help select individuals for early intervention. Autism gene perturbations commonly dysregulate neural progenitor cell (NPC) biology, so we hypothesized that CHD genes disrupting neurogenesis are more likely to increase ASD risk. Therefore, we performed an in vitro pooled CRISPR interference screen to identify CHD genes disrupting NPC biology and identified 45 CHD genes. A cluster of ASD and CHD genes are enriched for ciliary biology, and perturbing any one of seven such genes (CEP290, CHD4, KMT2E, NSD1, OFD1, RFX3 and TAOK1) impairs primary cilia formation in vitro. In vivo investigation of TAOK1 in Xenopus tropicalis reveals a role in motile cilia formation and heart development, supporting its prediction as a CHD gene. Together, our findings highlight a set of CHD genes that may carry risk for ASD and underscore the role of cilia in shared ASD and CHD biology.