Affiliation:
1. Independent Researcher, India
2. H.N.B. Garhwal University, India
3. University of Calcutta, India
4. DIT University, India
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to ecosystem services, explaining their conceptual evolution and importance. It examines the development and significance of classification frameworks such as MEA, TEEB, CICES, FEGS-CS, and NESCS. The chapter explores both economic and non-economic methods of valuation, which are essential for informed decision making. Additionally, it explores the services offered by agricultural, freshwater, forest, and urban ecosystems. The chapter finally highlights the importance of integrating ecosystem services into decision-making to promote sustainability and human well-being.