Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dysphagia in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2: A Review of the Literature and International Guidelines

Author:

Vergara José1ORCID,Skoretz Stacey A.234ORCID,Brodsky Martin B.567ORCID,Miles Anna8ORCID,Langmore Susan E.9ORCID,Wallace Sarah1011ORCID,Seedat Jaishika12ORCID,Starmer Heather M.13ORCID,Bolton Lee14ORCID,Clavé Pere15ORCID,Freitas Susana Vaz161718ORCID,Bogaardt Hans19ORCID,Matsuo Koichiro20ORCID,de Souza Cinthia Madeira21ORCID,Mourão Lucia Figueiredo22ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

2. School of Audiology & Speech Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

3. Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

4. Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

5. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

6. Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

7. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

8. Speech Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand

9. Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Boston University, MA

10. Department of Speech, Voice and Swallowing, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom

11. National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom

12. Department of Speech and Hearing Therapy, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

13. Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA

14. Speech and Language Therapy Service, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

15. Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Hospital de Mataró, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain

16. Faculty of Health Sciences, Speech Therapy Department, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

17. Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, ENT Department, Portugal

18. Laboratório de Inteligência Artificial e Análise de Dados, LIAAD—INESCTEC, Porto, Portugal

19. Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales Australia

20. Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan

21. School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

22. Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

Purpose Speech-language pathologists are playing a crucial role in the assessment and management of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Our goal was to synthesize peer-reviewed literature and association guidelines from around the world regarding dysphagia assessment and management for this specific population. Method A review of publications available in the PubMed database and official guidelines of international groups was performed on May 23, 2020. The information was synthesized and categorized into three content areas for swallowing: clinical evaluation, instrumental assessment, and rehabilitation. Results Five publications were identified in the PubMed database. Following title, abstract, and full-text review, only three publications met inclusion criteria: two reviews and one narrative report. Additionally, 19 international guidelines were reviewed. To assess swallowing, a modified clinical evaluation was recommended and only following a risk assessment. Instrumental assessments were often considered aerosol generating, especially transnasal procedures such as endoscopy and manometry. For this reason, many associations recommended that these examinations be performed only when essential and with appropriate personal protective equipment. Guidelines recommended that intervention should focus on compensatory strategies, including bolus modification, maneuvers/postural changes, and therapeutic exercises that can be conducted with physical distancing. Respiratory training devices were not recommended during rehabilitation. Conclusions International associations have provided extensive guidance regarding the level of risk related to the management of dysphagia in this population. To date, there are no scientific papers offering disease and/or recovery profiling for patients with dysphagia and coronavirus disease 2019. As a result, research in this area is urgently needed.

Publisher

American Speech Language Hearing Association

Subject

Speech and Hearing,Linguistics and Language,Developmental and Educational Psychology,Otorhinolaryngology

Reference89 articles.

1. Guillain-Barré syndrome related to COVID-19 infection

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3. American Gastroenterological Association. (2020). Joint AGA/DHPA Guidance: Recommendations for resumption of elective endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.dhpassociation.org/2020/04/27/aga-dhpa-resume-endoscopy-covid19/

4. American Neurogastro­enterology and Motility Society. (2020). American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society (ANMS) task force recommendations for resumption of motility laboratory operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://motilitysociety.org/pdf/ANMS_Task_Force_COVID_Recommendations_May_2020.pdf

5. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. (2020). Gastroenterology Professional Society guidance on endoscopic procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.asge.org/home/advanced-education-training/covid-19-asge-updates-for-members/gastroenterology-professional-society-guidance-on-endoscopic-procedures-during-the-covid-19-pandemic

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