1. Division of Pulmonary Diseases
2. Université Grenoble Alpes, Hypoxie Physiopathologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1042, CHU de Grenoble, Laboratoire Exploration Fonctionelle Cardiorespiratoire, Pôle Thorax et Vaisseaux, Grenoble, France
3. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, and
4. Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
5. Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
6. Keenan Research Centre and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada