1. Department of Medicine,
2. Department of Anesthesia,
3. Cardiovascular Research Institute, and
4. King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
5. Baylor Scott and White Health and Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
6. Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Lung Research, and
7. Flinders Medical Center, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
8. Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
9. Médecine Intensive – Réanimation, Sorbonne Université, APHP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France;
10. Respiratory Therapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
11. Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and
12. Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
13. Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York;
14. Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California;
15. Critical Care Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
16. Anesthesia, University Hospital Galway, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland;
17. Intensive Care Department, Hospital São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
18. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;
19. Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom;
20. Medical ICU, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France;
21. Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado;
22. Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon;
23. Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy;
24. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;
25. Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China;
26. Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India;
27. Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Alma Mater Studorium University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;
28. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
29. ARDS Foundation, Northbrook, Illinois;
30. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
31. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; and
32. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
33. Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California