A SP-ICP-MS protocol for the detection of metal nanoparticles composition and size in tattooed ex vivo human skin explants

Abstract

Abstract We developed and validated a protocol based on Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SP ICP-MS) to detect composition and size of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in tattoo inks end ex vivo tattooed human skin explants. The explants were tattooed with different inks using an ordinary tattoo machine. Then, 72 hours after tattooing, skin explants were subjected to alkaline extraction by tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution and MNPs of Ag, Al2O3, Au, Cr2O3, CuO, Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZnO were analysed for particle composition and size by SP ICP-MS. The method was validated by assessing the limit of detection, accuracy, precision, and size stability over 72 hours. Particles of Al2O3, Cr2O3, CuO, Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZnO were observed in human skin in the range from 27 nm to 153 nm, and from 26 nm to 228 nm in tattoo inks. Ag and Au NPs were not found neither in inks nor in the skin. Advantages of the protocol were the ability to simultaneously detect the composition of particles and their size, the straightforward sample preparation, the high sensitivity and precision, and the speed of execution of the analysis. The developed methodology can be applied to skin exposed to other consumer products topically applied, such as sunscreens, cosmetics, personal care products and medical devices, which can be all sources of MNPs, in order to improve knowledge and support the human exposure assessment process.