Characterization of breast tissues in density and effective atomic number basis via spectral X-ray computed tomography

Abstract

Abstract Objective. Differentiation of breast tissues is challenging in X-ray imaging because tissues might share similar or even the same linear attenuation coefficients μ. Spectral computed tomography (CT) allows for more quantitative characterization in terms of tissue density (ρ) and effective atomic number (Z eff) by exploiting the energy dependence of μ. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of ρ/Z eff decomposition in spectral breast CT so as to explore the benefits of tissue characterization and improve the diagnostic accuracy of this emerging 3D imaging technique. Approach. In this work, 5 mastectomy samples and a phantom with inserts mimicking breast soft tissues were evaluated in a retrospective study. The samples were imaged at three monochromatic energy levels in the range of 24–38 keV at 5 mGy per scan using a propagation-based phase-contrast setup at SYRMEP beamline at the Italian national synchrotron Elettra. Main results. A custom-made algorithm incorporating CT reconstructions of an arbitrary number of spectral energy channels was developed to extract the density and effective atomic number of adipose, fibro-glandular, pure glandular, tumor, and skin from regions selected by a radiologist. Significance. Preliminary results suggest that, via spectral CT, it is possible to enhance tissue differentiation. It was found that adipose, fibro-glandular and tumorous tissues have average effective atomic numbers (5.94 ± 0.09, 7.03 ± 0.012, and 7.40 ± 0.10) and densities (0.90 ± 0.02, 0.96 ± 0.02, and 1.07 ± 0.03 g cm−3) and can be better distinguished if both quantitative values are observed together.