Abstract
Although mass extinctions probably account for the disappearance of
less than 5% of all extinct species, the evolutionary opportunities
they have created have had a disproportionate effect on the history of
life. Theoretical considerations and simulations have suggested that
the empty niches created by a mass extinction should refill rapidly
after extinction ameliorates. Under logistic models, this biotic
rebound should be exponential, slowing as the environmental carrying
capacity is approached. Empirical studies reveal a more complex
dynamic, including positive feedback and an exponential growth phase
during recoveries. Far from a model of refilling ecospace, mass
extinctions appear to cause a collapse of ecospace, which must be
rebuilt during recovery. Other generalities include the absence of a
clear correlation between the magnitude of extinction and the pace of
recovery or the resulting ecological and evolutionary disruption the
presence of a survival interval, with few originations, immediately
after an extinction and preceding the recovery phase, and the presence
of many lineages that persist through an extinction event only to
disappear during the subsequent recovery. Several recoveries include
numerous missing lineages, groups that are found before the extinction,
then latter in the recovery, but are missing during the initial
survival–recovery phase. The limited biogeographic studies of
recoveries suggest considerable variability between regions.
Publisher
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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