Phylogeographic reconstruction of the emergence and spread of Powassan virus in the northeastern United States

Author:

Vogels Chantal B. F.1ORCID,Brackney Doug E.2,Dupuis Alan P.34ORCID,Robich Rebecca M.5,Fauver Joseph R.16,Brito Anderson F.17ORCID,Williams Scott C.8ORCID,Anderson John F.2ORCID,Lubelczyk Charles B.5,Lange Rachel E.34,Prusinski Melissa A.9ORCID,Kramer Laura D.34ORCID,Gangloff-Kaufmann Jody L.10ORCID,Goodman Laura B.11,Baele Guy12,Smith Robert P.5,Armstrong Philip M.2,Ciota Alexander T.34,Dellicour Simon1213ORCID,Grubaugh Nathan D.114

Affiliation:

1. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510

2. Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511

3. The Arbovirus Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY 12159

4. Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12222

5. Vector-borne Disease Laboratory, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074

6. Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198

7. Instituto Todos pela Saúde, São Paulo SP 01310-942, Brazil

8. Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511

9. New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, Albany, NY 12237

10. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

11. Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

12. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium

13. Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium

14. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511

Abstract

Powassan virus is an emerging tick-borne virus of concern for public health, but very little is known about its transmission patterns and ecology. Here, we expanded the genomic dataset by sequencing 279 Powassan viruses isolated from Ixodes scapularis ticks from the northeastern United States. Our phylogeographic reconstructions revealed that Powassan virus lineage II was likely introduced or emerged from a relict population in the Northeast between 1940 and 1975. Sequences strongly clustered by sampling location, suggesting a highly focal geographical distribution. Our analyses further indicated that Powassan virus lineage II emerged in the northeastern United States mostly following a south-to-north pattern, with a weighted lineage dispersal velocity of ~3 km/y. Since the emergence in the Northeast, we found an overall increase in the effective population size of Powassan virus lineage II, but with growth stagnating during recent years. The cascading effect of population expansion of white-tailed deer and I. scapularis populations likely facilitated the emergence of Powassan virus in the northeastern United States.

Funder

HHS | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

Internal Funds KU Leuven

Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen

HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference79 articles.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) Tickborne disease surveillance data summary (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/data-summary/index.html. Accessed 16 May 2019.

2. ArboNET Arboviral Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Powassan virus neuroinvasive disease cases reported by year 2008–2017 (2018). https://www.cdc.gov/powassan/statistics.html. Accessed 22 April 2019.

3. Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

4. Update on Powassan Virus: Emergence of a North American Tick-Borne Flavivirus

5. Molecular epidemiology of Powassan virus in North America

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