An unusual aromatase/cyclase programs the formation of the phenyldimethylanthrone framework in anthrabenzoxocinones and fasamycin

Abstract

Aromatic polyketides are renowned for their wide-ranging pharmaceutical activities. Their structural diversity is mainly produced via modification of limited types of basic frameworks. In this study, we characterized the biosynthesis of a unique basic aromatic framework, phenyldimethylanthrone (PDA) found in (+)/(−)-anthrabenzoxocinones (ABXs) and fasamycin (FAS). Its biosynthesis employs a methyltransferase (Abx (+) M/Abx (−) M/FasT) and an unusual TcmI-like aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC, Abx (+) D/Abx (−) D/FasL) as well as a nonessential helper ARO/CYC (Abx (+) C/Abx (−) C/FasD) to catalyze the aromatization/cyclization of polyketide chain, leading to the formation of all four aromatic rings of the PDA framework, including the C9 to C14 ring and a rare angular benzene ring. Biochemical and structural analysis of Abx (+) D reveals a unique loop region, giving rise to its distinct acyl carrier protein-dependent specificity compared to other conventional TcmI-type ARO/CYCs, all of which impose on free molecules. Mutagenic analysis discloses critical residues of Abx (+) D for its catalytic activity and indicates that the size and shape of its interior pocket determine the orientation of aromatization/cyclization. This study unveils the tetracyclic and non-TcmN type C9 to C14 ARO/CYC, significantly expanding our cognition of ARO/CYCs and the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketide framework.