The number of tree species on Earth-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The number of tree species on Earth

Published:2022-01-31 Issue:6 Volume:119 Page:
ISSN:0027-8424
Container-title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
language:en
Short-container-title:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Author:

Cazzolla Gatti Roberto¹²³^ORCID,Reich Peter B.⁴⁵⁶^ORCID,Gamarra Javier G. P.⁷,Crowther Tom⁸,Hui Cang⁹¹⁰^ORCID,Morera Albert¹¹¹²^ORCID,Bastin Jean-Francois¹³,de-Miguel Sergio¹¹¹²^ORCID,Nabuurs Gert-Jan¹⁴,Svenning Jens-Christian¹⁵¹⁶^ORCID,Serra-Diaz Josep M.¹⁷^ORCID,Merow Cory¹⁸,Enquist Brian¹⁹,Kamenetsky Maria²⁰,Lee Junho²¹,Zhu Jun²²,Fang Jinyun²³,Jacobs Douglass F.¹,Pijanowski Bryan¹,Banerjee Arindam²⁴,Giaquinto Robert A.²⁵,Alberti Giorgio²⁶²⁷^ORCID,Almeyda Zambrano Angelica Maria²⁸,Alvarez-Davila Esteban²⁹,Araujo-Murakami Alejandro³⁰,Avitabile Valerio³¹,Aymard Gerardo A.³²³³,Balazy Radomir³⁴,Baraloto Chris³⁵,Barroso Jorcely G.³⁶,Bastian Meredith L.³⁷³⁸,Birnbaum Philippe³⁹⁴⁰,Bitariho Robert⁴¹,Bogaert Jan¹³,Bongers Frans¹⁴^ORCID,Bouriaud Olivier⁴²^ORCID,Brancalion Pedro H. S.⁴³^ORCID,Brearley Francis Q.⁴⁴,Broadbent Eben North⁴⁵,Bussotti Filippo⁴⁶,Castro da Silva Wendeson⁴⁷⁴⁸,César Ricardo Gomes⁴³^ORCID,Češljar Goran⁴⁹,Chama Moscoso Víctor⁵⁰,Chen Han Y. H.⁵¹^ORCID,Cienciala Emil⁵²⁵³^ORCID,Clark Connie J.⁵⁴,Coomes David A.⁵⁵^ORCID,Dayanandan Selvadurai⁵⁶,Decuyper Mathieu⁵⁷⁵⁸,Dee Laura E.⁵⁹,Del Aguila Pasquel Jhon⁶⁰,Derroire Géraldine⁶¹,Djuikouo Marie Noel Kamdem⁶²^ORCID,Van Do Tran⁶³^ORCID,Dolezal Jiri⁶⁴⁶⁵,Đorđević Ilija Đ.⁴⁹,Engel Julien⁶⁶,Fayle Tom M.⁶⁷,Feldpausch Ted R.⁶⁸^ORCID,Fridman Jonas K.⁶⁹,Harris David J.⁷⁰,Hemp Andreas⁷¹,Hengeveld Geerten⁷²,Herault Bruno⁷³⁷⁴⁷⁵,Herold Martin⁵⁷⁷⁶,Ibanez Thomas⁷⁷⁷⁸,Jagodzinski Andrzej M.⁷⁹,Jaroszewicz Bogdan⁸⁰^ORCID,Jeffery Kathryn J.⁸¹^ORCID,Johannsen Vivian Kvist⁸²,Jucker Tommaso⁸³,Kangur Ahto⁸⁴,Karminov Victor N.⁸⁵,Kartawinata Kuswata⁸⁶⁸⁷,Kennard Deborah K.⁸⁸^ORCID,Kepfer-Rojas Sebastian⁸⁹,Keppel Gunnar⁹⁰,Khan Mohammed Latif⁹¹,Khare Pramod Kumar⁹²,Kileen Timothy J.⁹³,Kim Hyun Seok⁹⁴⁹⁵⁹⁶⁹⁷^ORCID,Korjus Henn⁸⁴,Kumar Amit⁹⁸,Kumar Ashwani⁹¹,Laarmann Diana⁸⁴,Labrière Nicolas⁹⁹^ORCID,Lang Mait⁸⁴¹⁰⁰,Lewis Simon L.¹⁰¹¹⁰²,Lukina Natalia⁸⁵,Maitner Brian S.¹⁹^ORCID,Malhi Yadvinder¹⁰³^ORCID,Marshall Andrew R.¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵,Martynenko Olga V.¹⁰⁶,Monteagudo Mendoza Abel L.¹⁰⁷,Ontikov Petr V.¹⁰⁸,Ortiz-Malavasi Edgar¹⁰⁹,Pallqui Camacho Nadir C.¹⁰⁷,Paquette Alain¹¹⁰,Park Minjee¹,Parthasarathy Narayanaswamy¹¹¹,Peri Pablo Luis¹¹²^ORCID,Petronelli Pascal⁶¹,Pfautsch Sebastian¹¹³,Phillips Oliver L.¹⁰¹^ORCID,Picard Nicolas⁷¹¹⁴,Piotto Daniel¹¹⁵,Poorter Lourens¹⁴^ORCID,Poulsen John R.⁵⁴^ORCID,Pretzsch Hans¹¹⁶,Ramírez-Angulo Hirma¹¹⁷,Restrepo Correa Zorayda¹¹⁸,Rodeghiero Mirco¹¹⁹¹²⁰,Rojas Gonzáles Rocío Del Pilar¹²¹,Rolim Samir G.¹¹⁵,Rovero Francesco¹²²¹²³,Rutishauser Ervan¹²⁴,Saikia Purabi¹²⁵,Salas-Eljatib Christian¹²⁶¹²⁷¹²⁸^ORCID,Schepaschenko Dmitry¹²⁹¹³⁰^ORCID,Scherer-Lorenzen Michael¹³¹,Šebeň Vladimír¹³²,Silveira Marcos⁴⁸^ORCID,Slik Ferry¹³³^ORCID,Sonké Bonaventure¹³⁴^ORCID,Souza Alexandre F.¹³⁵,Stereńczak Krzysztof Jan³⁴,Svoboda Miroslav¹³⁶,Taedoumg Hermann¹³⁷¹³⁸,Tchebakova Nadja¹²⁹,Terborgh John¹³⁹¹⁴⁰^ORCID,Tikhonova Elena⁸⁵,Torres-Lezama Armando¹¹⁷,van der Plas Fons¹⁴¹,Vásquez Rodolfo¹²¹,Viana Helder¹⁴²¹⁴³,Vibrans Alexander C.¹⁴⁴,Vilanova Emilio¹⁴⁵,Vos Vincent A.¹⁴⁶,Wang Hua-Feng¹⁴⁷,Westerlund Bertil¹⁴⁸,White Lee J. T.¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁰¹⁵¹,Wiser Susan K.¹⁵²^ORCID,Zawiła-Niedźwiecki Tomasz¹⁵³,Zemagho Lise¹³⁴,Zhu Zhi-Xin¹⁴⁷,Zo-Bi Irié C.¹⁵⁴,Liang Jingjing¹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

2. Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy

3. Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia

4. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

5. Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109

6. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2753, Australia

7. Forestry Department, FAO, Rome 00153, Italy

8. Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

9. Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa

10. Mathematical Biology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg 7945, South Africa

11. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida 25198 Lleida, Spain

12. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA 25280 Solsona, Spain

13. TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux 5030, Belgium

14. Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands

15. Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

16. Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

17. AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Université de Lorraine 5400 Nancy, France

18. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06268

19. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721

20. Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53704

21. Statistics Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia

22. Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706

23. Institute of Botany, CAS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

24. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, IL 61801

25. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108

26. Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine 33100, Italy

27. Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bolzano 39100, Italy

28. Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Tourism, Hospitality, and Events Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

29. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional (Colombia) Abierta y a Distancia, Bogotá 2102, Colombia

30. Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

31. European Commission, Joint Research Centre 21027 Ispra, Italy

32. Compensation International Progress S. A.–Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogotá, Colombia

33. UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, estado Portuguesa 3323, Venezuela

34. Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn 05-090, Poland

35. International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33133

36. Forest Science Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Center, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul 69920-900, Brazil

37. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., Washington, DC 20001

38. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-06080

39. AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier 34090, France

40. Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia

41. Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kabale, Uganda

42. Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava 720229 Suceava, Romania

43. Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil

44. Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom

45. Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

46. Department of Agriculture, Alimentation, Environment and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50144, Italy

47. Amazonia Green Landscape Protection and Governance Programme, SOS Amazônia, Rio Branco 69905-082, Brazil

48. Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology, Center of Biological and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil

49. Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry 11030 Belgrade, Serbia

50. Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08000, Peru

51. Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1

52. Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research 254 01 Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic

53. Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic

54. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708

55. Department of Plant Sciences in the Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom

56. Quebec Center for Biodiversity Sciences, Centre for Sustainability Research, CSFG and Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, ON QC H3G 1M8, Canada

57. Laboratory for Geoinformation Science and Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands

58. World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi 00100, Kenya

59. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309

60. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru

61. Cirad, UMREcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane) 97 310 Kourou, French Guiana

62. Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

63. Silviculture Rearch Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

64. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Science 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic

65. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic

66. AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34398, France

67. School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom

68. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, United Kingdom

69. Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden

70. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom

71. Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth, Germany

72. Biometris & Forest and Nature Policy Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands

73. CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire

74. Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier 34000, France

75. Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire

76. Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany

77. Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation 98800, New Caledonia

78. Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720

79. Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik 62-035, Poland

80. Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 17-230, Poland

81. Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom

82. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen 1165, Denmark

83. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom

84. Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia

85. Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia

86. Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605

87. Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences/Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong 16912 Indonesia

88. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501-3122

89. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1017, Denmark

90. UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia 5001 Adelaide, Australia

91. Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India

92. Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Madhya Pradesh Sagar-470003, India

93. Museo de Historia natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

94. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea

95. Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea

96. National Center for AgroMeteorology, Seoul 08826, South Korea

97. Institute of Future Environmental and Forest Resources, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea

98. Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India

99. Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS) 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

100. Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartu 61602, Estonia

101. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

102. Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

103. Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom

104. Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs QLD 4556, Australia

105. Department of Environment and Geography, University of York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom

106. All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry 141200 Pushkino, Moscow region, Russia

107. Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru

108. FSBI “ROSLESINFORG,” 141208 Ivanteevka, Moscow region, Russia

109. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Insttuto Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica

110. Département des sciences biologiques, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8

111. Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India

112. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria–Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral–CONICET, Río Gallegos CP 9400, Argentina

113. Urban Ecosystem Research, School of Social Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia

114. Groupement d’Intérêt Public (GIP) Ecofor, Paris 75116, France

115. Laboratory of Tropical Dendrology and Forestry, Training Center in Agroforestry Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Ilheus 45613-204, Brazil

116. School of Life Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising, Germany

117. Instituto de Investigaciones paa el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela

118. Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia

119. Agriculture Food Environment Centre (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige 38122, Italy

120. Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige 38010, Italy

121. Herbario Selva Central (HOXA), Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco Mz.E-6, Peru

122. Department of Biology, University of Florence 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

123. MUSE-Museo delle Scienze 38122 Trento, Italy

124. InfoFlora, Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de Genève 1292 Chambesy, Switzerland

125. Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India

126. Centro de Modelacion y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Universidad de La Frontera, Santiago, Chile

127. Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile

128. Departamento de Silvicultura y Cons. de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile

129. Sukachev Institute of Forest of the SB Russian Academy of Sciences 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia

130. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria

131. Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg, Germany

132. National Forest Centre 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia

133. Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam BE1410 Gadong, Brunei

134. Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

135. CB, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil

136. Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16521 Prague, Czech Republic

137. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

138. Bioversity International, IITA Regional Office in Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon

139. Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

140. School of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4878, Australia

141. Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University 04103 Leipzig, Germany

142. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Viseu, Portugal

143. Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal

144. Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau-Santa Catarina 89030, Brazil

145. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720

146. Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Beni 2W3Q+VHJ, Bolivia

147. Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China

148. Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 750 07, Sweden

149. Ministere des Eaux, des Forets, de la Mer et de l’Environnement chargé du Plan Climat et Objectifs de Development Durable, Estuaire Libreville, Gabon

150. Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon

151. Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom

152. Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand

153. State Forests–Coordination Centre for Environmental Projects, Warsaw 02-362, Poland

154. Département FOREN, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro BP 1093, Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract

Significance Tree diversity is fundamental for forest ecosystem stability and services. However, because of limited available data, estimates of tree diversity at large geographic domains still rely heavily on published lists of species descriptions that are geographically uneven in coverage. These limitations have precluded efforts to generate a global perspective. Here, based on a ground-sourced global database, we estimate the number of tree species at biome, continental, and global scales. We estimated a global tree richness (≈73,300) that is ≈14% higher than numbers known today, with most undiscovered species being rare, continentally endemic, and tropical or subtropical. These results highlight the vulnerability of global tree species diversity to anthropogenic changes.

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Link

https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2115329119

Reference72 articles.

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