Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers

Author:

Wilkinson John L.1ORCID,Boxall Alistair B. A.1ORCID,Kolpin Dana W.2ORCID,Leung Kenneth M. Y.3ORCID,Lai Racliffe W. S.3ORCID,Galbán-Malagón Cristóbal4ORCID,Adell Aiko D.5ORCID,Mondon Julie6ORCID,Metian Marc7ORCID,Marchant Robert A.1,Bouzas-Monroy Alejandra1ORCID,Cuni-Sanchez Aida1ORCID,Coors Anja8ORCID,Carriquiriborde Pedro9,Rojo Macarena9ORCID,Gordon Chris10ORCID,Cara Magdalena11ORCID,Moermond Monique12,Luarte Thais13,Petrosyan Vahagn14ORCID,Perikhanyan Yekaterina14ORCID,Mahon Clare S.15,McGurk Christopher J.15,Hofmann Thilo16ORCID,Kormoker Tapos17ORCID,Iniguez Volga18,Guzman-Otazo Jessica19,Tavares Jean L.20ORCID,Gildasio De Figueiredo Francisco20,Razzolini Maria T. P.21ORCID,Dougnon Victorien22,Gbaguidi Gildas23,Traoré Oumar24,Blais Jules M.25ORCID,Kimpe Linda E.25,Wong Michelle26,Wong Donald26,Ntchantcho Romaric27,Pizarro Jaime28ORCID,Ying Guang-Guo29,Chen Chang-Er29ORCID,Páez Martha30,Martínez-Lara Jina30ORCID,Otamonga Jean-Paul31ORCID,Poté John32ORCID,Ifo Suspense A.33,Wilson Penelope34,Echeverría-Sáenz Silvia35ORCID,Udikovic-Kolic Nikolina36ORCID,Milakovic Milena36ORCID,Fatta-Kassinos Despo37ORCID,Ioannou-Ttofa Lida37,Belušová Vladimíra38,Vymazal Jan38ORCID,Cárdenas-Bustamante María1,Kassa Bayable A.39ORCID,Garric Jeanne40ORCID,Chaumot Arnaud40,Gibba Peter41,Kunchulia Ilia42,Seidensticker Sven43,Lyberatos Gerasimos44ORCID,Halldórsson Halldór P.45ORCID,Melling Molly1,Shashidhar Thatikonda46ORCID,Lamba Manisha47,Nastiti Anindrya48ORCID,Supriatin Adee48ORCID,Pourang Nima49,Abedini Ali49,Abdullah Omar1,Gharbia Salem S.50,Pilla Francesco51,Chefetz Benny52,Topaz Tom52,Yao Koffi Marcellin53,Aubakirova Bakhyt54ORCID,Beisenova Raikhan55,Olaka Lydia56,Mulu Jemimah K.56ORCID,Chatanga Peter57ORCID,Ntuli Victor57,Blama Nathaniel T.58,Sherif Sheck58ORCID,Aris Ahmad Zaharin59,Looi Ley Juen59,Niang Mahamoudane60,Traore Seydou T.60,Oldenkamp Rik61ORCID,Ogunbanwo Olatayo62ORCID,Ashfaq Muhammad63ORCID,Iqbal Muhammad63ORCID,Abdeen Ziad64,O’Dea Aaron65ORCID,Morales-Saldaña Jorge Manuel65ORCID,Custodio María66ORCID,de la Cruz Heidi66ORCID,Navarrete Ian67ORCID,Carvalho Fabio68ORCID,Gogra Alhaji Brima69,Koroma Bashiru M.69,Cerkvenik-Flajs Vesna70ORCID,Gombač Mitja70,Thwala Melusi71ORCID,Choi Kyungho72ORCID,Kang Habyeong72ORCID,Ladu John L. Celestino73ORCID,Rico Andreu74ORCID,Amerasinghe Priyanie75,Sobek Anna76ORCID,Horlitz Gisela76ORCID,Zenker Armin K.77ORCID,King Alex C.77ORCID,Jiang Jheng-Jie78ORCID,Kariuki Rebecca1ORCID,Tumbo Madaka79ORCID,Tezel Ulas80ORCID,Onay Turgut T.80,Lejju Julius B.81ORCID,Vystavna Yuliya82,Vergeles Yuriy83ORCID,Heinzen Horacio84ORCID,Pérez-Parada Andrés85ORCID,Sims Douglas B.86ORCID,Figy Maritza26,Good David87ORCID,Teta Charles88ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom

2. US Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa City, IA 52240

3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

4. Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, 8580745 Santiago, Chile

5. Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370035 Santiago, Chile

6. Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool 3280 VIC, Australia

7. Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco

8. ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, 65439 Flörsheim am Main, Germany

9. Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, CP 1900 La Plata Buenos Aires, Argentina

10. Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Accra LG 1181, Ghana

11. Plant Protection Department, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana 1000, Albania

12. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

13. Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 7550196 Santiago, Chile

14. Faculty of Chemistry, Center for Ecological Safety, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia

15. School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia

16. Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria

17. Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, 8602 Patuakhali, Bangladesh

18. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, 6042 La Paz, Bolivia

19. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden

20. Instituto Federal De Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, 1692 Natal, Brazil

21. Center for Research in Environmental Risk Assessment, School of Public Health of University of Sao Paulo, 01246-904 Sao Paulo, Brazil

22. Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Abomey Calavi, Benin

23. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Abomey Calavi, Benin

24. Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, Université de Dédougou, Ouagadougou BP 176, Burkina Faso

25. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada

26. Global Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Consortium, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom

27. Centre de Recherches Hydrologiques, l'Institut de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, BP 4110 Yaounde, Cameroon

28. Departamento de Ingeniería Geográfica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile

29. Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China

30. Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali 25360, Colombia

31. National Pedagogical University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 8815, Democratic Republic of Congo

32. Faculty of Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland

33. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Departement des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69 Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

34. Department of Geography, Geology, and the Environment, Kingston University London, KT2 7LB Kingston, United Kingdom

35. Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, 40101 Heredia, Costa Rica

36. Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

37. Nireas International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nocosia 1678, Cyprus

38. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic

39. Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia

40. Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, lnstitut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, 69100 Villeurbanne, France

41. Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Fisheries & Water Resources, Banjul, The Gambia

42. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Biosystems Engineering, Georgian Technical University, 380075 Tbilisi, Georgia

43. Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany

44. School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 10682 Athens, Greece

45. Research Centre in Sudurnes, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 600169, Iceland

46. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India

47. Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 New Delhi, India

48. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Management Technology Research Group, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia

49. Education and Extension Organization, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Tehran 1588733111, Iran

50. Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin D14 E099, Ireland

51. Spatial Dynamics Lab, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland

52. Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel

53. Centre de Recherches Oceanologiques, 7XP 56V Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

54. School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan

55. L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

56. Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya

57. Department of Biology, National of University of Lesotho, Maseru 180, Lesotho

58. Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia, 1000 Monrovia, Liberia

59. Department of Environment, International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Malaysia

60. Centre d’Expertise et de Recherche en Télémédecine et E-Santé, Centre Hospitalier Mère – Enfant, Le Luxembourg, Hamdallaye, Bamako, Mali

61. Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam Universty Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands

62. Department of Fisheries Technology, Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Lagos State Polytechnic, 100001 Ikorodu, Nigeria

63. Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan

64. Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, Abu Dies, West Bank, Palestine

65. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 0843-03092, Republic of Panama

66. Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, 12004 Huancayo, Peru

67. Department of Environmental Science, Southern Leyte State University-Hinunangan Campus, 6608 Hinunangan, Philippines

68. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom

69. Department of Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone

70. Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

71. Water Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 0184 Pretoria, South Africa

72. Seoul National University, 599 Seoul, South Korea

73. College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan

74. IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain

75. International Water Management Institute, Colombo 10120, Sri Lanka

76. Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden

77. Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland

78. Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 320 Taoyuan, Taiwan

79. Institute of Resources Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

80. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey

81. Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, 9MM5 6GF Mbarara, Uganda

82. Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Ceske 37005 Budejovice, Czech Republic

83. Department of the Environment, O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine

84. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay

85. Departamento de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, CP 27000, Rocha, Uruguay

86. School of Science & Mathematics, College of Southern Nevada, Henderson, NV 89002

87. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

88. Future Water Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University of Cape Town, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract

Significance Despite growing evidence of the deleterious effects on ecological and human health, little is known regarding the global occurrence of pharmaceuticals in rivers. Studies assessing their occurrence are available for 75 of 196 countries, with most research conducted in North America and Western Europe. This leaves large geographical regions relatively unstudied. Here, we present the findings of a global reconnaissance of pharmaceutical pollution in rivers. The study monitored 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries of all continents, thus representing the pharmaceutical fingerprint of 471.4 million people. We show that the presence of these contaminants in surface water poses a threat to environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations globally.

Funder

RCUK | Medical Research Council

British Council

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference41 articles.

1. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen

2. The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria

3. Dilute Concentrations of a Psychiatric Drug Alter Behavior of Fish from Natural Populations

4. Methamphetamine pollution elicits addiction in wild fish

5. Umwelt Bundesamt “Database- Pharmaceuticals in the environment” Umwelt Bundesamt (2021). https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/database-pharmaceuticals-in-the-environment-0. Accessed 2 January 2021.

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