Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals intra- and intermolecular interactions of Caenorhabditis elegans HMP-1 during mechanotransduction

Abstract

The Caenorhabditis elegans HMP-2/HMP-1 complex, akin to the mammalian β -catenin- α -catenin complex, serves as a critical mechanosensor at cell–cell adherens junctions, transducing tension between HMR-1 (also known as cadherin in mammals) and the actin cytoskeleton. Essential for embryonic development and tissue integrity in C. elegans , this complex experiences tension from both internal actomyosin contractility and external mechanical microenvironmental perturbations. While offering a valuable evolutionary comparison to its mammalian counterpart, the impact of tension on the mechanical stability of HMP-1 and HMP-2/HMP-1 interactions remains unexplored. In this study, we directly quantified the mechanical stability of full-length HMP-1 and its force-bearing modulation domains (M1-M3), as well as the HMP-2/HMP-1 interface. Notably, the M1 domain in HMP-1 exhibits significantly higher mechanical stability than its mammalian analog, attributable to interdomain interactions with M2-M3. Introducing salt bridge mutations in the M3 domain weakens the mechanical stability of the M1 domain. Moreover, the intermolecular HMP-2/HMP-1 interface surpasses its mammalian counterpart in mechanical stability, enabling it to support the mechanical activation of the autoinhibited M1 domain for mechanotransduction. Additionally, the phosphomimetic mutation Y69E in HMP-2 weakens the mechanical stability of the HMP-2/HMP-1 interface, compromising the force-transmission molecular linkage and its associated mechanosensing functions. Collectively, these findings provide mechanobiological insights into the C. elegans HMP-2/HMP-1 complex, highlighting the impact of salt bridges on mechanical stability in α -catenin and demonstrating the evolutionary conservation of the mechanical switch mechanism activating the HMP-1 modulation domain for protein binding at the single-molecule level.