Pathogenesis, Prognosis and Outcomes of Multiple Organ Failure in Newborns (Review)

Abstract

Multiple organ failure (MOF) is the leading cause of neonatal mortality in intensive care units. The prevalence of MOF in newborns is currently unclear, since its incidence varies in asphyxia, sepsis, prematurity, and comorbidity, and depends on the level of development and funding of health care in different countries. Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome prevail among the causes of MOF in this category of patients.Aim of the review. To summarize the available literature data on the pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies and outcomes of MOF in newborns.Material and methods. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and RSCI databases using the following keywords: «newborns, multiple organ failure, etiology, pathogenesis, premature, diagnosis, treatment, respiratory support, cardiotonic support», without language limitations. A total of 144 full-text sources were selected for analysis, 70% of which were published in the last five years and 50% were published in the last three years. Criteria for exclusion were low information value and outdated data.Results. The prevalence of MOF in neonates is currently unclear. This could be due to common association of neonatal MOF (as well as the adult one) with various diseases; thus, its incidence is not the same for asphyxia, sepsis, prematurity, and comorbidities. There is no precise data on neonatal mortality in MOF, but according to some reports, it may be as high as 13-50%.In newborns, MOF can be caused by two major causes, intrapartum/postnatal asphyxia and sepsis, but could also be influenced by other intranatal factors such as intrauterine infections and acute interruption of placental blood flow.The key element in the pathogenesis of neonate MOF is cytokinemia, which triggers universal critical pathways. Attempts to identify different clinical trajectories of critical illness in various categories of patients have led to the discovery of MOF phenotypes with specific patterns of systemic inflammatory response. This scientific trend is very promising for the creation of new classes of drugs and individual therapeutic pathways in neonates with MOF of various etiologies.The pSOFA scale is used to predict the outcome of neonatal MOF, however, the nSOFA scale has higher validity in premature infants with low birth weight.Central nervous system damage is the major MOF-associated adverse outcome in newborns, with gestational age and the timing of treatment initiation being key factors affecting risk of MOF development in both full-term and premature infants.Conclusion. The study of cellular messengers of inflammation, MOF phenotypes, mitochondrial insufficiency, and immunity in critically ill infants with MOF of various etiologies is a promising area of research. The pSOFA scale is suggested for predicting the outcome of MOF in full-term infants, while the nSOFA scale should be used in premature infants with low birth weight.