Chronic Pain and Assessment of Pain Sensitivity in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From the SPARTAKUS Cohort

Abstract

ObjectiveTo study differences in pain reports between patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA), and to assess how pain sensitivity measures associate with disease and health outcomes.MethodsConsecutive patients with axial SpA (axSpA) were enrolled in the population-based SPARTAKUS cohort (2015–2017) and classified as AS (n = 120) or nr-axSpA (n = 55). Pain was assessed with questionnaires (intensity/duration/distribution) and computerized cuff pressure algometry to measure pain sensitivity (pain threshold/pain tolerance/temporal summation of pain). Linear regression models were used to compare pain measures between patients with AS and nr-axSpA, and to assess associations between pain sensitivity measures and disease and health outcomes.ResultsOf 175 patients with axSpA, 43% reported chronic widespread pain, with no significant differences in any questionnaire-derived or algometry-assessed pain measures between patients with AS and nr-axSpA. Lower pain tolerance was associated with longer symptom duration, worse Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score using C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), more pain regions, unacceptable pain, worse Maastricht AS Enthesitis Score (MASES), fatigue, anxiety, and health-related quality of life. Further, lower pain threshold was associated with worse ASDAS-CRP and MASES, whereas higher temporal summation was associated with longer symptom duration, unacceptable pain, and worse BASMI.ConclusionChronic pain is common in axSpA, with no observed differences in any pain measures between patients with AS and nr-axSpA. Further, higher pain sensitivity is associated with having worse disease and health outcomes. The results indicate that patients with AS and nr-axSpA, in line with most clinical characteristics, have a similar pain burden, and they highlight large unmet needs regarding individualized pain management, regardless of axSpA subgroup.