Influence of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Female Reproductive Health: A Review

Abstract

Introduction: Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on the female reproductive system were the focus of comprehensive experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic studies in Russia in the 20th century. Their findings were taken into account when developing health regulations. Objective: To analyze research data on the harmful impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on the female reproductive system. Materials and methods: We reviewed domestic and foreign publications found in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed bibliographic databases using the following keywords: electromagnetic fields, reproductive system, and female. Of 89 papers originally selected, 56 proved adverse effects of the electromagnetic factor on the female reproductive system and were eligible for inclusion in the review. Results: Both Russian clinical and epidemiologic studies of women exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the occupational setting and experimental animal studies give evidence of negative effects of electromagnetic radiation on the female reproductive system. At present, experimental studies of reproductive effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields with complex characteristics of a radio frequency signal in female laboratory animals are mainly presented. Foreign epidemiologic studies mainly focus on effects of mobile phone usage. Requirements for working conditions of pregnant women have been reduced in guidelines and regulations. Conclusions: Reproductive effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in women include menstrual disorders, toxicosis during pregnancy, premature birth, and miscarriages. Animal testing also demonstrated their detrimental impact on reproductive health.