1. Stanford–Surgery Policy Improvement Research and Education Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
2. Surgical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health System, Palo Alto, California
3. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
4. Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
5. Wolffe Center at UPMC, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
6. Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha