Affiliation:
1. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Holy Cross Health, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2. Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
3. Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
4. Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
5. Schaffer Library of Health Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
6. Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
7. CME/Clinical Review and Education Editor, JAMA Dermatology
Abstract
ImportanceWhile originally approved for the management of heart failure, hypertension, and edema, spironolactone is commonly used off label in the management of acne, hidradenitis, androgenetic alopecia, and hirsutism. However, spironolactone carries an official warning from the US Food and Drug Administration regarding potential for tumorigenicity.ObjectiveTo determine the pooled occurrence of cancers, in particular breast and prostate cancers, among those who were ever treated with spironolactone.Data SourcesPubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception through June 11, 2021. The search was restricted to studies in the English language.Study SelectionIncluded studies reported the occurrence of cancers in men and women 18 years and older who were exposed to spironolactone.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo independent reviewers (K.B. and H.H.) selected studies, extracted data, and appraised the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Studies were synthesized using random effects meta-analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCancer occurrence, with a focus on breast and prostate cancers.ResultsSeven studies met eligibility criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 18 035 to 2.3 million and a total population of 4 528 332 individuals (mean age, 62.6-72.0 years; in the studies without stratification by sex, women accounted for 17.2%-54.4%). All studies were considered to be of low risk of bias. No statistically significant association was observed between spironolactone use and risk of breast cancer (risk ratio [RR], 1.04; 95% CI, 0.86-1.22; certainty of evidence very low). There was an association between spironolactone use and decreased risk of prostate cancer (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.90; certainty of evidence very low). There was no statistically significant association between spironolactone use and risk of ovarian cancer (RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.84-2.20; certainty of evidence very low), bladder cancer (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.71-1.07; certainty of evidence very low), kidney cancer (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.85-1.07; certainty of evidence low), gastric cancer (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80-1.24; certainty of evidence low), or esophageal cancer (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.91-1.27; certainty of evidence low).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, spironolactone use was not associated with a substantial increased risk of cancer and was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. However, the certainty of the evidence was low and future studies are needed, including among diverse populations such as younger individuals and those with acne or hirsutism.
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Cited by
16 articles.
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