Association of Age at Menopause and Hormone Therapy Use With Tau and β-Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography

Abstract

ImportancePostmenopausal females represent around 70% of all individuals with Alzheimer disease. Previous literature shows elevated levels of tau in cognitively unimpaired postmenopausal females compared with age-matched males, particularly in the setting of high β-amyloid (Aβ). The biological mechanisms associated with higher tau deposition in female individuals remain elusive.ObjectiveTo examine the extent to which sex, age at menopause, and hormone therapy (HT) use are associated with regional tau at a given level of Aβ, both measured with positron emission tomography (PET).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study included participants enrolled in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer Prevention. Cognitively unimpaired males and females with at least 1 18F-MK-6240 and 11C-Pittsburgh compound B PET scan were analyzed. Data were collected between November 2006 and May 2021.ExposuresPremature menopause (menopause at younger than 40 years), early menopause (menopause at age 40-45 years), and regular menopause (menopause at older than 45 years) and HT user (current/past use) and HT nonuser (no current/past use). Exposures were self-reported.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSeven tau PET regions that show sex differences across temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Primary analyses examined the interaction of sex, age at menopause or HT, and Aβ PET on regional tau PET in a series of linear regressions. Secondary analyses investigated the influence of HT timing in association with age at menopause on regional tau PET.ResultsOf 292 cognitively unimpaired individuals, there were 193 females (66.1%) and 99 males (33.9%). The mean (range) age at tau scan was 67 (49-80) years, 52 (19%) had abnormal Aβ, and 106 (36.3%) were APOEε4 carriers. There were 98 female HT users (52.2%) (past/current). Female sex (standardized β = −0.41; 95% CI, −0.97 to −0.32; P < .001), earlier age at menopause (standardized β = −0.38; 95% CI, −0.14 to −0.09; P < .001), and HT use (standardized β = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.40-1.20; P = .008) were associated with higher regional tau PET in individuals with elevated Aβ compared with male sex, later age at menopause, and HT nonuse. Affected regions included medial and lateral regions of the temporal and occipital lobes. Late initiation of HT (>5 years following age at menopause) was associated with higher tau PET compared with early initiation (β = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27-0.43; P = .001).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, females exhibited higher tau compared with age-matched males, particularly in the setting of elevated Aβ. In females, earlier age at menopause and late initiation of HT were associated with increased tau vulnerability especially when neocortical Aβ elevated. These observational findings suggest that subgroups of female individuals may be at higher risk of pathological burden.