1. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
2. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
3. Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
4. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
5. Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
6. Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
7. Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, California