1. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
2. Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence
3. Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
4. Hand and Microsurgery Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
5. Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
6. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
7. Department of Biomedical Informatics, and
8. Center for Causal Discovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
9. Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania