Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview of immune checkpoint inhibitors, drug resistance, and adverse effects
Author:
Gu Xuan-Yu1, Huo Jin-Long1, Yu Zhi-Yong1, Jiang Ji-Chang1, Xu Ya-Xuan1, Zhao Li-Jin1
Affiliation:
1. Department of General Surgery , Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , China
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a concerning liver cancer with rising incidence and mortality rates worldwide. The effectiveness of traditional therapies in managing advanced HCC is limited, necessitating the development of new therapeutic strategies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a promising strategy for HCC management. By preventing tumor cells from evading immune surveillance through immunological checkpoints, ICIs can restore the immune system’s ability to target and eliminate tumors. While ICIs show promise in enhancing the immune response against malignancies, challenges such as drug resistance and adverse reactions hinder their efficacy. To address these challenges, developing individualized ICI treatment strategies is critical. Combining targeted therapy and immunotherapy holds the potential for comprehensive therapeutic effects. Additionally, biomarker-based individualized ICI treatment strategies offer promise in predicting treatment response and guiding personalized patient care. Future research should explore emerging ICI treatment methods to optimize HCC immunotherapy. This review provides an overview of ICIs as a new treatment for HCC, demonstrating some success in promoting the tumor immune response. However, drug resistance and adverse reactions remain important considerations that must be addressed. As tailored treatment plans evolve, the prospect of immunotherapy for HCC is expected to grow, offering new opportunities for improved patient outcomes.
Publisher
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Reference156 articles.
1. Sung, H, Ferlay, J, Siegel, RL, Laversanne, M, Soerjomataram, I, Jemal, A, et al.. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Ca – Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660. 2. Balogh, J, Victor, D, Asham, EH, Burroughs, SG, Boktour, M, Saharia, A, et al.. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2016;3:41–53. https://doi.org/10.2147/jhc.s61146. 3. Weir, HK, Thompson, TD, Stewart, SL, White, MC. Cancer incidence projections in the United States between 2015 and 2050. Prev Chronic Dis 2021;18:E59. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.210006. 4. McGlynn, KA, Petrick, JL, London, WT. Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional variability. Clin Liver Dis 2015;19:223–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2015.01.001. 5. Rumgay, H, Arnold, M, Ferlay, J, Lesi, O, Cabasag, CJ, Vignat, J, et al.. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol 2022;77:1598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.021.
|
|