1. Pham Minh, Hac, ed.Education in Vietnam 1945‐1991, 29Hanoi.
2. UNICEF. 1994.Vietnam: children and women. A situation analysis, 101Hanoi: UNICEF. Literacy is taken as having achieved year three of primary school. By then, because of the nature of the Vietnamese language, it is expected that pupils are able to read and write to a useful level
3. Pham Minh Hac. 1993.Education in Vietnam: situation, issues and policies, 45Hanoi: UNICEF, op. cit., n. 3.
4. Sunday Vietnam Times 22‐29.UNICEF, op. cit., n. 3, January 1995