Current rates of purchasing of antibiotics without a prescription across sub-Saharan Africa; rationale and potential programmes to reduce inappropriate dispensing and resistance

Author:

Sono Tiyani Milta12,Yeika Eugene3,Cook Aislinn45,Kalungia Aubrey6ORCID,Opanga Sylvia A.7,Acolatse Joseph Elikem Efui8,Sefah Israel Abebrese9ORCID,Jelić Ana Golić10ORCID,Campbell Stephen111ORCID,Lorenzetti Giulia4ORCID,Ul Mustafa Zia1213ORCID,Marković-Peković Vanda10ORCID,Kurdi Amanj1141516ORCID,Anand Paramadhas Bene D17ORCID,Rwegerera Godfrey Mutashambara1819ORCID,Amu Adefolarin A20,Alabi Mobolaji Eniola21,Wesangula Evelyn22ORCID,Oluka Margaret7,Khuluza Felix23,Chikowe Ibrahim23,Fadare Joseph O.2425ORCID,Ogunleye Olayinka O.2627ORCID,Kibuule Dan28ORCID,Hango Ester29ORCID,Schellack Natalie30ORCID,Ramdas Nishana1,Massele Amos31,Mudenda Steward632ORCID,Hoxha Iris33,Moore Catrin E.4ORCID,Godman Brian114ORCID,Meyer Johanna C.134ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa

2. Saselamani Pharmacy, Saselamani, South Africa

3. Programs coordinator/Technical supervisor for HIV/Malaria, Delegation of Public Health, Cameroon

4. Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK

5. Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

6. Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

7. Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

8. Pharmacy Directorate, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH), Cape Coast, Ghana

9. Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, Ho, Ghana

10. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina

11. Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

12. Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia

13. Department of Pharmacy Services, District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital, Pakpattan, Pakistan

14. Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

15. Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq

16. College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq

17. Department of Health Services Management, Central Medical Stores, Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana

18. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

19. DestinyMedical and Research Solutions Proprietary Limited, Gaborone, Botswana

20. Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini

21. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences,University of Kwazulu-natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa

22. East Central and Southern Africa Health Community, Arusha, Tanzania

23. Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, Malawi

24. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

25. Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

26. Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

27. Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Uganda

28. Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda

29. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

30. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, SouthAfrica

31. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hurbert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

32. Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Meicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

33. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, Tirana, Albania

34. South African Vaccination and Immunisation Centre, Sefako Makgatho HealthSciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa

Publisher

Informa UK Limited

Subject

Virology,Infectious Diseases,Microbiology (medical),Microbiology

Reference242 articles.

1. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis

2. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis

3.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications and Costs

4. World Bank Group. Pulling Together to Beat Superbugs knowledge and implementation Gaps in Addressing antimicrobial resistance. 2019. [cited 2023 Apr5]. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32552/Pulling-Together-to-Beat-Superbugs-Knowledge-and-Implementation-Gaps-in-Addressing-Antimicrobial-Resistance.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

5. Mortality associated with third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections at eight sub-Saharan African hospitals (MBIRA): a prospective cohort study

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