1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2. Acute Care Research Unit, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
3. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Department of Veterans Affairs and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
4. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
5. Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
6. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA